View source for Corpus:Vdwouden-test01

{{Source|author=|editor=Ton van der Wouden|title=|date/place=http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php|volume/pages=|publisher=|translator=|type=|annotator=|contributor=|article=The Leipzig Glossing Rules have been developed jointly by the Department of<br>Linguistics of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology<br>(Bernard Comrie, Martin Haspelmath) and by the Department of Linguistics<br>of the University of Leipzig (Balthasar Bickel). They consist of ten rules for the<br>"syntax" and "semantics" of interlinear glosses, and an appendix with a<br>proposed "lexicon" of abbreviated category labels. The rules cover a large part<br>of linguists' needs in glossing texts, but most authors will feel the need to add<br>(or modify) certain conventions (especially category labels). Still, it will be<br>useful to have a standard set of conventions that linguists can refer to, and the<br>Leipzig Rules are proposed as such to the community of linguists. The Rules<br>are intended to reflect common usage, and only very few (mostly optional)<br>innovations are proposed.<br><br>We intend to update the Leipzig Glossing Rules occasionally, so feedback is<br>highly welcome.<br><br>Important references:<br>Lehmann, Christian. 1982. "Directions for interlinear morphemic translations".<br>Folia Linguistica 16: 199-224.<br>Croft, William. 2003. Typology and universals. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge<br>University Press, pp. xix-xxv.<br><br> <br>The rules<br>(revised version of February 2008)<br>Preamble<br><br>Interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses give information about the<br>meanings and grammatical properties of individual words and parts of<br>words. Linguists by and large conform to certain notational conventions in<br>glossing, and the main purpose of this document is to make the most widely<br>used conventions explicit.<br>Depending on the author's purposes and the readers' assumed background<br>knowledge, different degrees of detail will be chosen. The current rules<br>therefore allow some flexibility in various respects, and sometimes alternative<br>options are mentioned.<br>The main purpose that is assumed here is the presentation of an example in a<br>research paper or book. When an entire corpus is tagged, somewhat different<br>considerations may apply (e.g. one may want to add information about larger<br>units such as words or phrases; the rules here only allow for information<br>about morphemes).<br><br>It should also be noted that there are often multiple ways of analyzing the<br>morphological patterns of a language. The glossing conventions do not help<br>linguists in deciding between them, but merely provide standard ways of<br>abbreviating possible descriptions. Moreover, glossing is rarely a complete<br>morphological description, and it should be kept in mind that its purpose is<br>not to state an analysis, but to give some further possibly relevant information<br>on the structure of a text or an example, beyond the idiomatic translation.<br><br>A remark on the treatment of glosses in data cited from other sources: Glosses<br>are part of the analysis, not part of the data. When citing an example from a<br>published source, the gloss may be changed by the author if they prefer<br>different terminology, a different style or a different analysis.<br><br> <br>Rule 1: Word-by-word alignment<br><br>Interlinear glosses are left-aligned vertically, word by word, with the example. E.g.<br><br>(1) Indonesian (Sneddon 1996:237)<br><br>MerekadiJakartasekarang.<br>TheyinJakartanow<br>'They are in Jakarta now.'<br><br> <br>Top<br><br>Rule 2: Morpheme-by-morpheme correspondence<br><br>Segmentable morphemes are separated by hyphens, both in the example and<br>in the gloss. There must be exactly the same number of hyphens in the<br>example and in the gloss. E.g.<br><br>(2) Lezgian (Haspelmath 1993:207)<br><br>Gilaabur-u-nfermahamišaluǧgüǧünaamuq’-da-č.<br>nowthey-OBL-GENfarmforeverbehindstay-FUT-NEG<br>‘Now their farm will not stay behind forever.’<br><br>Since hyphens and vertical alignment make the text look unusual, authors<br>may want to add another line at the beginning, containing the unmodified<br>text, or resort to the option described in Rule 4 (and especially 4C).<br>Clitic boundaries are marked by an equals sign, both in the object<br>language and in the gloss.<br><br>(3) West Greenlandic (Fortescue 1984:127)<br><br>palasi=luniuirtur=lu<br>priest=andshopkeeper=and<br>'both the priest and the shopkeeper'<br><br>Rule 2A. (Optional)<br>If morphologically bound elements constitute distinct prosodic or<br>phonological words, a hyphen and a single space may be used together in the<br>object language (but not in the gloss).<br>(4) Hakha Lai<br><br>a-nii -láay<br>3SG-laugh-FUT<br>'s/he will laugh'<br><br> <br>Rule 3: Grammatical category labels<br><br>Grammatical morphemes are generally rendered by abbreviated grammatical<br>category labels, printed in upper case letters (usually small capitals). A list of<br>standard abbreviations (which are widely known among linguists) is given at<br>the end of this document.<br><br>Deviations from these standard abbreviations may of course be necessary<br>in particular cases, e.g. if a category is highly frequent in a language, so that a<br>shorter abbreviation is more convenient, e.g. CPL (instead of COMPL) for<br>"completive", PF (instead of PRF) for "perfect", etc. If a category is very rare, it<br>may be simplest not to abbreviate its label at all.<br><br>In many cases, either a category label or a word from the metalanguage is<br>acceptable. Thus, both of<br><br>(5) Russian<br><br>MysMarkopoexa-l-iavtobus-omvPeredelkino.<br>1PLCOMMarkogo-PST-PLbus-INSAllPeredelkino.<br>wewithMarkogo-PST-PLbus-bytoPeredelkino.<br>'Marko and I went to Perdelkino by bus.'<br><br> <br>Rule 4: One-to-many correspondences<br><br>When a single object-language element is rendered by several metalanguage<br>elements (words or abbreviations), these are separated by periods. E.g.<br><br>(6) Turkish<br><br>çık-mak<br>come.out-INF<br>'to come out'<br><br>(7) Latin<br><br>insul-arum<br>island-GEN.PL<br>'of the islands'<br><br>(8) French<br><br>auxchevaux<br>to.ART.PLhorse.PL<br>'to the horses'<br><br>(9) German<br><br>unser-nVäter-n<br>our-DAT.PLfather.PL-DAT.PL<br>'to our fathers'<br><br>(10) Hittite (Lehmann 1982:211)<br><br>n=anapedanimehuniessandu.<br>CONN=himthat.DAT.SGtime.DAT.SGeat.they.shall<br>'They shall celebrate him on that date.' (CONN = connective)<br><br>(11) Jaminjung (Schultze-Berndt 2000:92)<br><br>nanggayanguny-bi-yarluga?<br>who2DU.A.3SG.P-FUT-poke<br>'Who do you two want to spear?'<br><br>The ordering of the two metalanguage elements may be determined by<br>various principles that are not easy to generalize over, so no rule will be<br>provided for this.<br>There are various reasons for a one-to-many correspondence between<br>object-language elements and gloss elements. These are conflated by the<br>uniform use of the period. If one wants to distinguish between them, one may<br>follow Rules 4A-E.<br><br> <br>Top<br><br>Rule 4A. (Optional)<br><br>If an object-language element is neither formally nor semantically segmentable and only the metalanguage happens to lack a single-word equivalent, the underscore may be used instead of the period.<br><br>(12) Turkish (cf. 6)<br><br>çık-mak<br>come_out-INF<br>'to come out'<br><br> <br>Rule 4B. (Optional)<br><br>If an object-language element is formally unsegmentable but has two clearly distinguishable meanings or grammatical properties, the semi-colon may be used. E.g.<br><br>(13) Latin (cf. 7)<br><br>insul-arum<br>island-GEN;PL<br>'of the islands'<br><br>(14) French<br><br>auxchevaux<br>to;ART;PLhorse;PL<br>'to the horses'<br><br> <br>Rule 4C. (Optional)<br><br>If an object-language element is formally and semantically segmentable, but the author does not want to show the formal segmentation (because it is irrelevant and/or to keep the text intact), the colon may be used. E.g.<br><br>(15) Hittite (Lehmann 1982:211) (cf. 10)<br><br>n=anapedanimehuniessandu.<br>CONN=himthat:DAT;SGtime:DAT;SGeat:they:shall<br>'They shall celebrate him on that date.'<br><br> <br>Rule 4D. (Optional)<br><br>If a grammatical property in the object-language is signaled by a<br>morphophonological change (ablaut, mutation, tone alternation, etc.), the<br>backslash is used to separate the category label and the rest of the gloss.<br><br>(16) German (cf. 9)<br><br>unser-nVäter-n<br>our-DAT.PLfather.PL-DAT.PL<br>'to our fathers' (cf. singular Vater)<br><br>(17) Irish<br><br>bhris-is<br>PST\break-2SG<br>'you broke' (cf. nonpast bris-)<br><br>(18) Kinyarwanda<br><br>mú-kòrà<br>SBJV\1PL-work<br>'that we work' (cf. indicative mù-kòrà)<br> <br>Rule 4E. (Optional)<br><br>If a language has person-number affixes that express the agent-like and the<br>patient-like argument of a transitive verb simultaneously, the symbol ">" may<br>be used in the gloss to indicate that the first is the agent-like argument and the<br>second is the patient-like argument.<br><br>(19) Jaminjung (Schultze-Berndt 2000:92) (cf. 11)<br><br>nanggayanguny-bi-yarluga?<br>who2DU>3SG-FUT-poke<br>'Who do you two want to spear?'<br><br> <br>Top<br><br>Rule 5: Person and number labels<br><br>Person and number are not separated by a period when they occur in this order. E.g.<br><br>(20) Italian<br><br>and-iamo<br>go-PRS.1PL (not: go-PRS.1.PL)<br>'we go'<br><br> <br>Rule 5A. (Optional)<br><br>Number and gender markers are very frequent in some languages, especially<br>when combined with person. Several authors therefore use non-capitalized<br>shortened abbreviations without a period. If this option is adopted, then the<br>second gloss is used in (21).<br><br>(21) Belhare<br><br>ne-ea-khim-chin-yuNNa<br>DEM-LOCthat.DAT.SG3NSG-be.NPST<br>DEM-LOC1sPOSS-house-PL3ns-be.NPST<br>'Here are my houses.''<br><br> <br>Rule 6: Non-overt elements<br><br>If the morpheme-by-morpheme gloss contains an element that does not<br>correspond to an overt element in the example, it can be enclosed in square<br>brackets. An obvious alternative is to include an overt "Ø" in the objectlanguage<br>text, which is separated by a hyphen like an overt element.<br><br>(22) Latin<br><br>pueror:puer-Ø<br>boy[NOM.SG]boy-NOM.SG<br>‘boy’‘boy’<br> <br><br> <br>Top<br><br>Rule 7: Inherent categories<br><br>Grammatical or lexical elements that consist of two parts which are treated as<br>distinct morphological entities (e.g. bipartite stems such as Lakhota na-xʔu̧<br>'hear') may be treated in two different ways:<br><br>(23) Hunzib (van den Berg 1995:46)<br><br>oz#-di-gxõxem-uq'e-r<br>boy-OBL-ADtree(G4)G4-bend-PRET<br>'Because of the boy the tree bent.' (G4 = 4th gender, AD = adessive, PRET = preterite)<br><br> <br>Rule 8: Bipartite elements<br><br>Grammatical or lexical elements that consist of two parts which are treated as<br>distinct morphological entities (e.g. bipartite stems such as Lakhota na-xʔu̧<br>'hear') may be treated in two different ways:<br><br>(i) The gloss may simply be repeated:<br><br>(24) Lakhota<br><br>na-wíčha-wa-xʔu̧<br>hear-3PL.UND-1SG.ACT-hear<br>'I hear them' (UND = undergoer, ACT = actor)<br><br>(i) The gloss may simply be repeated:<br><br>(25) Lakhota<br><br>na-wíčha-wa-xʔu̧<br>hear-3PL.UND-1SG.ACT- STEM<br>'I hear them'<br><br>Circumfixes are "bipartite affixes" and can be treated in the same way, e.g.<br><br>(26) German<br><br>ge-seh-enor:ge-seh-en<br>PTCP-see-PTCPPTCP-see-CIRC<br>'seen''seen'<br> <br>Rule 9: Infixes<br><br>Infixes are enclosed by angle brackets, and so is the object-language<br>counterpart in the gloss.<br><br>(27) Tagalog<br><br>b<um>ili (stem: bili)<br><ACTFOC>buy<br>'buy'<br><br>(28) Latin<br><br>reli<n>qu-ere (stem: reliqu-)<br>leave<PRS>-INF<br>'to leave'<br><br>Infixes are generally easily identifiable as left-peripheral (as in 27) or as rightperipheral (as in 28), and this determines the position of the gloss<br>corresponding to the infix with respect to the gloss of the stem. If the infix is<br>not clearly peripheral, some other basis for linearizing the gloss has to be<br>found.<br><br> <br>Top<br><br>Rule 10: Reduplication<br><br>Reduplication is treated similarly to affixation, but with a tilde (instead of an<br>ordinary hyphen) connecting the copied element to the stem.<br><br>(29) Hebrew<br><br>yerak~rak-im<br>green~ATT-M.PL<br>'greenish ones' (ATT= attenuative)<br><br>(30) Tagalog<br><br>bi~bili<br>IPFV~buy<br>'is buying'<br><br>(31) Tagalog<br><br>b<um>i~bili<br><ACTFOC>IPFV~buy<br>'is buying' (ACTFOC = Actor focus)<br><br> <br>Appendix: List of Standard Abbreviations<br><br>1	first person<br>2	second person<br>3	third person<br>A	agent-like argument of canonical transitive verb<br>ABL	ablative<br>ABS	absolutive<br>ACC	accusative<br>ADJ	adjective<br>ADV	adverb(ial)<br>AGR	agreement<br>ALL	allative<br>ANTIP	antipassive<br>APPL	applicative<br>ART	article<br>AUX	auxiliary<br>BEN	benefactive<br>CAUS	causative<br>CLF	classifier<br>COM	comitative<br>COMP	complementizer<br>COMPL	completive<br>COND	conditional<br>COP	copula<br>CVB	converb<br>DAT	dative<br>DECL	declarative<br>DEF	definite<br>DEM	demonstrative<br>DET	determiner<br>DIST	distal<br>DISTR	distributive<br>DU	dual<br>DUR	durative<br>ERG	ergative<br>EXCL	exclusive<br>F	feminine<br>FOC	focus<br>FUT	future<br>GEN	genitive<br>IMP	imperative<br>INCL	inclusive<br>IND	indicative<br>INDF	indefinite<br>INF	infinitive<br>INS	instrumental<br>INTR	intransitive<br>IPFV	imperfective<br>IRR	irrealis<br>LOC	locative<br>M	masculine<br>N	neuter<br>N-	non- (e.g. NSG nonsingular, NPST nonpast)<br>NEG	negation, negative<br>NMLZ	nominalizer/nominalization<br>NOM	nominative<br>OBJ	object<br>OBL	oblique<br>P	patient-like argument of canonical transitive verb<br>PASS	passive<br>PFV	perfective<br>PL	plural<br>POSS	possessive<br>PRED	predicative<br>PRF	perfect<br>PRS	present<br>PROG	progressive<br>PROH	prohibitive<br>PROX	proximal/proximate<br>PST	past<br>PTCP	participle<br>PURP	purposive<br>Q	question particle/marker<br>QUOT	quotative<br>RECP	reciprocal<br>REFL	reflexive<br>REL	relative<br>RES	resultative<br>S	single argument of canonical intransitive verb<br>SBJ	subject<br>SBJV	subjunctive<br>SG	singular<br>TOP	topic<br>TR	transitive<br>VOC	vocative<br> <br>Top<br><br>References<br><br>Fortescue, Michael. 1984. West Greenlandic. (Croom Helm descriptive grammars) London: Croom Helm. <br><br>Haspelmath, Martin. 1993. A grammar of Lezgian. (Mouton Grammar Library, 9). Berlin - New York: Mouton de Gruyter.<br><br>Lehmann, Christian. 1983. "Directions for interlinear morphemic translations". Folia Linguistica 16: 193-224.<br><br>Schultze-Berndt, Eva. 2000. Simple and complex verbs in Jaminjung: A study of event categorization in an Australian language. Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen Ph.D. Dissertation.<br><br>Sneddon, James Neil. 1996. Indonesian: A comprehensive grammar. London: Routledge.<br><br>van den Berg, Helma. 1995. A Grammar of Hunzib. (Lincom Studies in Caucasian Linguistics, 1.) München: Lincom Europa.<br><br> }}