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| − | == '''TYPE CRAFT IN-DEPTH ANNOTATION OF MULTI-VERB CONSTRUCTIONS IN ÈDÓ''' ==
| + | Does typecraft need a layer for word categories? In descriptions in languages like Èdó, morpological and phonological processes interact in word formation. This implies that forms at the morpheme level may be different from forms at the word level as in the following example: |
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| − | '''LANGUAGE BACKGROUND'''
| + | <phrase>8180</phrase>. |
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| − | -ÈDÓ IS A LANGUAGE SPOKEN IN MID-WESTERN NIGERIA.
| + | The example above illustrates how morphological and phonological processes influence tone derivation in Èdó with focus on a derived tone:the downstepped high tone. It is derived through the processes of vowel assimilation/elision and contraction, tone spreading and tone simplification, when a word ending with a high tone bearing syllable combines with a noun with an initial low tone bearing syllable across word boundaries. |
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| − | -IT BELONGS TO THE EDOID GROUP (ELUGBE 1979) OF THE BENUE-CONGO SUBFAMILY OF THE VOLTA-CONGO FAMILY (GORDON 2005).
| + | To accurately describe this process, I have had to use the free translation slot to represent the morpheme level. This is necessary because the tonal realization are different for both levels. |
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| − | -IT IS SPOKEN BY ABOUT A MILLION AND A HALF PEOPLE (1991 CENSUS).
| + | A similar observation applies to some syntactic processes such as the formation of some pronouns as in the following example: |
| | + | <phrase>8006</phrase>. |
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| − | -ÈDÓ APPEARS IN THE LITERATURE UNDER THREE DIFFERENT LABELS. THESE ARE: BENIN, ÈDÓ AND BINI. IN EARLY EUROPEAN LITERATURE, THE LANGUAGE IS OFTEN REFERRED TO AS BINI (GREENBERG 1966 AND MELZIAN 1937), WHILE THOMAS (1910) REFERS TO IT AS ÈDÓ. THESE LABELLING DIFFERENCES ARE EXPLAINED BY THE FACT THAT THE LANGUAGE IS SPOKEN IN THE REGION FORMALLY KNOWN AS THE BENIN EMPIRE WHICH HAD ITS CAPITAL IN THE CITY ÈDÓ.
| + | Here the final vowel of pronoun nè is elided and no tone simplification process takes place. Also, the part of speech information for the initial morpheme of the pronoun nè (prep)+érèn (3SG.OBL) is different from the output word nérèn which is of type PRON.I have had to use the meaning slot to represent part of speech information of the morpheme that is different from the part of speech of the resultant word. |
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| − | | + | Comments from Ota. |
| − | '''TYPE CRAFT'''
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| − | -ANNOTATION AND SHARING NATURAL LANGUAGE PARADIGMS ONLINE.
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| − | -MAIN PURPOSE OF ANNOTATION IS TO DESCRIBE THE MEANING AND GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE OF LANGUAGES.
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| − | -TYPE CRAFT FEATURES A TIER FOR LATIN ORTHOGRAPY IF THE LANGUAGE UNDER DESCRIPTION HAS OTHER ORTHOGRAPY, A TIER FOR MORHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS, A TIER FOR MEANING, A TIER FOR GLOSSING OF MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES AND A TIER FOR PART OF SPEECH INFORMATION. IN THE EXAMPLE BELOW, THE FIRST AND SECOND TIER ER IDENTICAL SINCE ÈDÓ USES THE LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. HYPHENS SEPERATING WORDS INDICATE THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A WORD AS CONSISTING OF A STEM AND AN AFFIX WHILE SPACES INDICATE WORD BOUNDARIES AS SHOWN IN THE FIRST TIER. THE THIRD TIER PROVIDES INFORMATION ON THE LITERAL MEANING OF A WORD/MORPHEME AS WELL AS GLOSSING OF MORHOLOGICAL FEATURES. THE FIFTH TIER PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT THE PARTS OF SPEECH OF THE LEXICAL ITEMS AND LASTLY THE SIXTH TIER PROVIDES THE FREE TRANSLATION.
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| − | ÈDÓ
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| − | <Phrase>2440</Phrase>
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| − | -PROVIDES A SET OF GLOBAL TAGS ALLOWS FOR CLASSIFICATIONIN TERMS OF SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC PROPERTIES SUCH AS CONSTITUENT TYPE, CORE CONSTITUENT VS ADJUNCT, TRANSITIVITY, THEMATIC ROLES, SITUATION AND ASPECT TYPES AND POLARITY.
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| − | -ÈDÓ LANGAUGE HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED OVER A HUNDRED YEARS BUT WITH LITTLE FOCUS ON IN-DEPT ANNOTATION OF DATA. ALSO MOST OF THE DOCUMENTS ARE EITHER OUT OF PRINT OR NOT EASILY ACCESSIBLE. THIS PROJECT IS THE FIRST IN-DEPTH ANNOTATION FOR ÈDÓ AND IS EASILY AVAILABLE FOR LANGUAGE RESEARCHERS/TEACHERS/STUDENTS ALL OVER THE WORLD .
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| − | '''ÈDÓ:SOME BASIC FACTS'''
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| − | ÈDÓ IS A TONE LANGUAGE WITH AN SVO STRUCTURE. THERE ARE TWO BASIC TONES IN ÈDÓ: HIGH ( ) AND LOW ( ). NOMINAL HEADS BEAR CONSTANT TONES WHILE VERBAL HEADS BEAR RELATIVE TONES. BY RELATIVE TONES, I MEAN GRAMMATICALLY AND LEXICALLY CONSTRAINED TONAL REALIZATION. TENSE IN ÈDÓ MAY BE REALIZED AS TONES: PAST TENSE ( ) AND PRESENT TENSE ( ) OR ( ), A SUFFIX: PAST –RV, OR A LEXICAL ITEM: FUTURE TENSE GHÁ. WITH RESPECT TO SYLLABIC STRUCTURE ÈDÓ HAS AN OPEN SYLLABLE SYSTEM WITH NO CONSONANT CLUSTERS. ALL NOUNS BEGIN WITH VOWELS AND ALL VERBS WITH CONSONANTS
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| − | '''MULTI-VERB CONSTRUCTIONS IN ÈDÓ'''
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| − | -MULTI-VERB CONSTRUCTIONS PROVIDE USEFUL INSIGHT INTO THE QUESTION OF HOW LANGUAGES DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ADJUNCTION AND COMPLEMENTATION. THE TERM MULTI-VERB CONSTRUCTIONS IS DEFINED AS CONSISTING OF VERBS IN SERIES THAT CAN FUNCTION AS INDEPENDENT VERBS IN SIMPLE SENTENCES, WITH AT LEAST ONE SHARED ARGUMENT AND NO MARKING OF SYNTACTIC DEPENDENCY (CF. AMAKA 2005:2).
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| − | -MULTI-VERB CONSTRUCTIONS ARE ATTESTED IN THE KWA AND GUR LANGUAGE FAMILIES OF WEST AFRICA, THE CARIBBEAN CREOLES, SOUTH ASIAN AND SOUTH EAST ASIAN LANGUAGES, OCEANIC AND SOME NORTHERN AMERICAN LANGUAGES (MISUMALPAN).
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| − | -THE STUDY EXAMINES MULTI-VERB CONSTRUCTIONS IN ÈDÓ. THE STUDY ALSO EXAMINES MULTI-VERB CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE FOLLOWING LANGUAGES OF THE NIGER-CONGO: IGBO AND YORUBA (BENUE-CONGO), GURENNE (OTI-VOLTA), GA, BAULE, AKAN AND EWE (KWA) AND SITUATE PROPERTIES OF EDO MULTI-VERB CONSTRUCTIONS WITHIN TYPOLOGY COMMON TO THESE LANGUAGES.
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| − | ÈDÓ
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| − | <Phrase>2440</Phrase>
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| − | <Phrase>2246</Phrase>
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| − | IGBO
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| − | <Phrase>2694</Phrase>
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| − | AKAN
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| − | <Phrase>2738</Phrase>
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| − | YORUBA
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| − | <Phrase>2719</Phrase>
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| − | EWE
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| − | <Phrase>2691</Phrase>
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| − | BAULE
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| − | <Phrase>2757</Phrase>
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| − | GURENNE
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| − | <Phrase>2749</Phrase>
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| − | '''TYPE CRAFT AS AN ANNOTATION TOOL'''
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| − | - ALLOWS FOR SEARCH AND CLASSIFICATION OF DATA ALONG DIFFERENT MOPHOLOGICAL, SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC CRITERIA.IT IS POSSIBLE TO SEARCH FOR PHRASES OR TEXTS. IN THE DATA ABOVE I HAVE USED THE SEARCH FOR PHRASE TOOL AND SERCHED FOR PHRASES OF THE TYPE SERIAL VERB.
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| − | -ALLOWS FOR LINEALIZED GLOSSING OF DATA.
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| − | -PROVIDES ANNOTATION TOOLS THAT AIDS LINGUISTIC DESCRIPTION. THE TOOLS MAY BE SUPPLIMENTED TO ACCOMODATE NEW DATA.
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| − | -EASY TO IMPORT FONTS THAT ARE NEED FOR DESCRIPTION.
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| − | -SAFE ACHIVE FOR DATA PRESENTATION.
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| − | -ACCESSIBLE WHEREEVER THERE IS INTERNET SERVICES.
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| − | ALLOWS FOR DATA SHARING AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS.
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| − | ALLOWS FOR DISSEMINATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS.
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| − | DATA CAN BE IMPORTED AND EXPORTED OUT OF TYPE CRAFT AND CONVERTED TO PREFERED FORMAT.
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Does typecraft need a layer for word categories? In descriptions in languages like Èdó, morpological and phonological processes interact in word formation. This implies that forms at the morpheme level may be different from forms at the word level as in the following example:
The example above illustrates how morphological and phonological processes influence tone derivation in Èdó with focus on a derived tone:the downstepped high tone. It is derived through the processes of vowel assimilation/elision and contraction, tone spreading and tone simplification, when a word ending with a high tone bearing syllable combines with a noun with an initial low tone bearing syllable across word boundaries.
To accurately describe this process, I have had to use the free translation slot to represent the morpheme level. This is necessary because the tonal realization are different for both levels.
A similar observation applies to some syntactic processes such as the formation of some pronouns as in the following example:
Here the final vowel of pronoun nè is elided and no tone simplification process takes place. Also, the part of speech information for the initial morpheme of the pronoun nè (prep)+érèn (3SG.OBL) is different from the output word nérèn which is of type PRON.I have had to use the meaning slot to represent part of speech information of the morpheme that is different from the part of speech of the resultant word.