Difference between revisions of "Multiverbs and Complex Predicates"

Revision as of 20:55, 18 December 2009

Edited by Gautam Sengupta and Lars Hellan

This page is an attempt at classifying cross-linguistically a variety of types falling under the categories 'multiverb constructions' (MVC) and 'complex predicates' (CP).

For MVCs, a first set of salient examples includes,

(1) from Bangla (Bengali):

(2) from Akan:

(3) from Kistaninya (Kistane):

They have in common the expression of temporally successive events, patterns of argument and tense/aspect sharing, and lack of coordinating items, which is held as typical of 'serial verb' constructions. But they also differ in some respects:

In Bangla and Kistaninya, the last verb in the series has a different form than the preceding verbs, whereas in Akan they all have the same form. Although Bangla and Kistaninya have in common being 'verb last' languages, so that the last verb may be counted as being head of the constructions in question, and in Akan it is perhaps V1 which is head, that factor does not explain the difference in form between head and non-heads. Thus, we have to recognize the distinguishing factor I.1 below.

On the other hand, in Bangla only the last verb has a finite form, while the others are in an aspectually completive form. In contrast, in Kistaninya, all the verbs are finite; in this respect they are like in Akan, except for the special added suffix in all the non-final verbs. This has to be counted as a distinguishing factor I.2:

I.1. In the Akan example all verbs are in the same form, whereas in the Bangla and Kistaninya examples, the non-final verbs share a formative absent in the last verb.

I.2. In the Akan and Kistaninya examples, all verbs are finite, whereas in the Bangla example, only the last verb is finite.

A different group of serial constructions is the one where the verbs - typically just two - describe different aspects of one and the same situation: typically a 'main' verb, and then a VP which, in the total setting, expresses an instrument, or a beneficiary, or a few other options. An example of this type from Bangla, with an instrumental, is given in (4), and from Akan, with a beneficiary, in (5):

(4) Bangla:

(5) Akan:

As is clear, the formal patterns in these examples are like those observed in (1) and (2), and a similar persistence of pattern one will expect in Kistaninya.

Thus, independent of the distinction temporally consecutive vs. not, the distinctions entered as 'I.1' and 'I.2' are formal distinctions applying to a significant portion of the MVCs in the languages considered.

Shifting to a possibly different type, consider (6):

(6) Bangla:

One traditionally calls the first verb here the POLE verb and the other verb the VECTOR verb. The semantics is different from the above cases (i.e., (4)), although the formal pattern conforms to them.