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Revision as of 17:12, 10 April 2011
This page was created as an in-classroom exercise in LING 2208, NTNU
Author: Franciane Rocha
Author: Misah Natumanya
This page examines the grammatical function of the word "ku" in Runyankore-Rukiga.
The data is the result of typecraft's phrase search done on March 18, 2011.
KU as a word in Runyankore-Rukiga can work as:
1. A conjunction
Ku naahikire ahari Butunduuzi, emotoka ereemerera obwe ku baabarareebaga emotoka ereemerera baija kureeba omufu!
“When i arrived at Butunduuzi, and then whenever the car stopped, they would come to see the dead-person.”
| naahikire |
| n | aa | hik | ire |
| 1SG | PASTrm | reach | PFV |
| V |
| ahari |
| a | hari |
| IV | atSPTL |
| ADJatt |
| ereemerera |
| e | ra | emerer | a |
| AGR | PTCP | stop | FV |
| V |
| baabarareebaga |
| ba | a | ba | ra | reeb | a | ga |
| 3PL | PASTrm | 3PL | PTCP | see | FV | EMPH |
| V |
| ereemerera |
| e | re | emerer | a |
| AGR | PTCP | stop | FV |
| V |
2. A complementizer
Angira ati ku turaareebe yaarugamu, na boyoofiisi agyenzire nawe, nk'oku ashangwa amutwara obundi tuzemu twihemu obusente bw'okurya.
“He told me that when we see him getting out with the officeboy, like how he normally does, perhaps we should go in and get some little money to eat.”
| Angira |
| a | n | gir | a |
| 3SG | 1SG | tell | FV |
| V |
| turaareebe |
| tu | raa | reeb | e |
| 1PL | PRES | see | SBJV |
| V |
| yaarugamu |
| y | aa | rug | a | mu |
| | PRES | come | FV | LOC |
| V |
| boyoofiisi |
| boyoofiisi |
| officeboy |
| N |
| agyenzire |
| a | gyenz | ire |
| 3SG | go | PFV |
| V |
| ashangwa |
| a | shang | w | a |
| 3SG | find | PASS | FV |
| V |
| amutwara |
| a | mu | twar | a |
| 3SGSBJ | 3SGOBJ | take | |
| V |
| obundi |
| obundi |
| perhaps |
| ADVm |
| tuzemu |
| tu | z | e | mu |
| 1PL | go | SBJV | LOC |
| |
| twihemu |
| tw | ih | e | mu |
| 1PL | get | SBJV | LOC |
| V |
| obusente |
| o | bu | sente |
| IV | 14 | money |
| N |
3. An adverb
| Function
|
NUMBER OF TOKENS
|
| CONJ
|
38
|
| COMP
|
05
|
| ADV
|
02
|
In Runyankore-Rukiga,the word KU appears in both initial and medial positions of a sentence.
KU- Initial position
KU- Medial position
Akangambira ku naija nyenkyakare
“He/she told me that he/she will come tomorrow”
| Akangambira |
| a | ka | n | gamb | ir | a |
| 3SG | IV | 1SG | tell | APPL | IND |
| V |
| nyenkyakare |
| nyenkyakare |
| tomorrow |
| ADVm |
The word KU can have at least three meanings, they are:
WHEN
Omwana ku areeba abantu omu katare baatandika kwija, we nyina ayeyongyera kuba busy aramanya ngu baakasitoma baayeyongyera,
“When the child saw every one in market starting to come, meanwhile the mother was thinking that the customers were increasing”
| baatandika |
| ba | a | tandik | a |
| 2 | PASTim | begin | FV |
| V |
| ayeyongyera |
| a | yeyongyer | a |
| 3SG | continue | FV |
| V |
| aramanya |
| a | ra | many | a |
| 3SG | | know | FV |
| V |
| baakasitoma |
| ba | akasitoma |
| 2 | customer |
| N |
| baayeyongyera |
| ba | a | yeyongyer | a |
| 2 | PASTim | increase | FV |
| V |
THAT
Akangambira ku naija nyenkyakare
“He/she told me that he/she will come tomorrow”
| Akangambira |
| a | ka | n | gamb | ir | a |
| 3SG | IV | 1SG | tell | APPL | IND |
| V |
| nyenkyakare |
| nyenkyakare |
| tomorrow |
| ADVm |
IF
Angira ati ku turaareebe yaarugamu, na boyoofiisi agyenzire nawe, nk'oku ashangwa amutwara obundi tuzemu twihemu obusente bw'okurya.
“He told me that when we see him getting out with the officeboy, like how he normally does, perhaps we should go in and get some little money to eat.”
| Angira |
| a | n | gir | a |
| 3SG | 1SG | tell | FV |
| V |
| turaareebe |
| tu | raa | reeb | e |
| 1PL | PRES | see | SBJV |
| V |
| yaarugamu |
| y | aa | rug | a | mu |
| | PRES | come | FV | LOC |
| V |
| boyoofiisi |
| boyoofiisi |
| officeboy |
| N |
| agyenzire |
| a | gyenz | ire |
| 3SG | go | PFV |
| V |
| ashangwa |
| a | shang | w | a |
| 3SG | find | PASS | FV |
| V |
| amutwara |
| a | mu | twar | a |
| 3SGSBJ | 3SGOBJ | take | |
| V |
| obundi |
| obundi |
| perhaps |
| ADVm |
| tuzemu |
| tu | z | e | mu |
| 1PL | go | SBJV | LOC |
| |
| twihemu |
| tw | ih | e | mu |
| 1PL | get | SBJV | LOC |
| V |
| obusente |
| o | bu | sente |
| IV | 14 | money |
| N |
Number of tokens relative to their meaning
| MEANING
|
NUMBER OF TOKENS
|
| When
|
36
|
| That
|
06
|
| If
|
01
|
| Lack meaning
|
12
|
|
"KU meaning IF"
| POS tag
|
NUMBER OF TOKENS
|
| COMP
|
01
|
|
"Ku meaning WHEN"
| POS tag
|
NUMBER OF TOKENS
|
| CONJ
|
30
|
| COMP
|
03
|
| REL
|
01
|
| Lack
|
02
|
"KU meaning THAT"
| POS tag
|
NUMBER OF TOKENS
|
| CONJ
|
04
|
| COMP
|
01
|
| ADV
|
01
|