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Difference between revisions of "Typological Features Template for Attie"

 
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by '''[[User:Joseph Bogny|Joseph Bogny]]'''
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'''To cite this page see footnote <ref> Joseph Bogny. 2010. Typological Features for Attie.  TypeCraft Typological Features Template. http://www.typecraft.org. Accessed [DATE].</ref>'''
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'''Attie''' (ISO 639-3: ati) is one of the languages of the Côte d’Ivoire.
 +
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
 
|-valign="top"
 
|-valign="top"
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|-valign="top"
 
|-valign="top"
 
|'''Phonological Features'''
 
|'''Phonological Features'''
−
|In the following fields you describe the phonological inventory of [your language]
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Vowel inventory
 
|Vowel inventory
−
|a e i o u ɛ ɔ ʌ ɤ
+
|Attie, the name used by [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=ci Ethnologue] for what its speakers call Akye has a system of nine oral vowels: a e i o u ɛ ɔ ʌ ɤ and five nasal ones:an,in, ɛn, ɔn, ʌn. According to my recent works, the last two oral vowels are phonetic realisations of respectively  ɛ and e. In the verb system when e or ɛ is suffixed to u it becomes  ɤ or ʌ. Although phonemic in the following example where: ku-e > ku-ɤ (to be old+Past); ku-ɛ > ku-ʌ (to be old+Imperfect), they are not phonemic from a strictly phonological point of view. For example instead of using <<''ku-e > ku-ɤ'' speakers use ''ku-o'' and ''ku-ɔ''(aperture assimilation), and so ɔ instead of ʌ which means the + round feature of 'u' which replaces the -round of ʌ. 
 +
Since I consider the nasal feature as a syllable feature I assume there are no nasal vowels in Akye. In conclusion the vowel system of Attie is:  i e ɛ a u o ɔ. It is the same system as we find in Baule. 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Vowel harmony
 
|Vowel harmony
−
| In this field you describe rule based assimilations involving vowels in [your language]
+
|Akye is not an ATR language. But we find [RO] (Round) and aperture harmony. Examples: ʃi-ɔ >  ʃi-u > ʃu-u (ɔ took the aperture of i and changed into u in the middle realization; in the last realization, the Round feature of i is assimilated by the one of u so that i became round )]
−
|-
+
|-Akye is not an ATR language. But we find [RO] (Round) and aperture harmony. Examples: ʃi-ɔ >  ʃi-u > ʃu-u (ɔ took the aperture of i and changed into u in the middle realization; in the last realization, the Round feature of i is assimilated by the one of u so that i became round )
 
|Consonant inventory
 
|Consonant inventory
−
| In this field you describe the consonants of [your language]
+
| p, t, c, k, kp, h, b, d,l, ɟ, gb, s,v, ʃ, j, w , ts, tʃ, dz, dʒ
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Tone
 
|Tone
−
|In this field you indicate if [your language] is a tone language and which tones are used; does [your language] have lexical tone?
+
|Attie has three tones: H, M, L. We find and extra high tone as in Aŋlo but it is the merging of H tone associated with an immediate L or M tone. The three tones are lexical. 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Syllable Structure
 
|Syllable Structure
−
|In this field you indicate the basic syllable structures of [your language].
+
|The basic syllable structure of Akye is CV.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|'''Morpho-syntactic Features'''
 
|'''Morpho-syntactic Features'''
−
|In the following fields you describe some of the basic morpho-syntactic parameters of [your language]
+
|Akye is an agglutinative language with both prefixes and suffixes.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|morphological classification (1)
+
|derivational morphology (1)
−
|[Your language] could be an isolating language (not (or nearly not) making use of morphology, agglutinative, such as the Bantu languages of Africa, or synthetic, such as the Saami languages of Scandinavia, or even polysynthetic such as Greenlandic. In this field you classify [your language] according to these parameters if possible.
+
| The usual prefixes for noun derivation from verbs are ''a'', ''o'' and ''e''. The ''a'' stands for Agent, ''o'' stands for Theme related to an animate referent and ''e'' stands for Theme related to an inanimate referent. Notice that in (1a) the locative marker ''lá'' precedes the verb while in the deverbal form in (1b) it it a suffix that follows the verbal stem. The reason for this is the the nominal form is derived from the perfective form of the verb.
 +
(1a)<Phrase>13423</Phrase>
 +
(1b)<Phrase>13417</Phrase>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|morphological classification (2)
+
|inflectional morphology
−
|Linguists have distinguished between head- and dependent-marking languages. Semitic languages are head marking languages; it is the head of the noun phrases that needs to have a special form when followed by a dependent noun; in the Germanic languages it is the head of the verb phrase that expresses person-number features of its subject. Grammatical dependencies on the other hand are in some of the Germanic languages expressed on the dependent noun phrases in form of case. [Your language] might be both, head- and dependent-marking, depending on the category of speech and or the type of feature expressed. This is what you can describe in this field.
+
|Verbs, as most words in Akye, are monosyllabic. Tense, Aspect Mood marking follows two distinct paradigms dependent on the vowel quality of the verb's stem vowel:
 +
Below we show the inflection for the verbs ''break'' and ''eat''. The verb ''eat'' can only occur transitive unless it is negated.
 +
 
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
 +
|-valign="top"
 +
!baseform
 +
!imperfective
 +
!perfective
 +
!irrealis
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''Nominal Phrases'''
+
| '''bú''' "break"
−
|In the following fields follows a description of some of the basic morpho-syntactic properties of nominal constituents
+
| búɔ
 +
|bùò
 +
|bú
 
|-
 
|-
−
|syntactic structure
+
| (kà) '''shì''' "eat"
−
|In this field you describe the linear order of elements in the noun phrase
+
| (kà) shɛ̀
 +
| shè (kà)
 +
| shì (kà)
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|nominal modification
+
|'''Nominal Phrases'''
−
|In this field you indicate the basic types of nominal modification (adjectives, relative clauses, adpositions...)
+
|The following template illustrates the word order within the noun phrase. Noun phrases in Akye are head-initial and the specifier follows the modifiers. The final element of the phrase is the relative clause. Determiners, demonstratives and quantifiers stand in complementary distribution.
 +
<br>
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
 +
|-valign="top"
 +
|Noun
 +
|Adjective *
 +
|Numeral
 +
|{DEM DET QUANT}
 +
|Relative Clause
 +
|-valign="top"
 +
| dzākwɛ́
 +
|bı́ gbāgbā
 +
| mı̄
 +
| yı̋
 +
| kēé mɛ̀ tùn
 
|-
 
|-
−
|nominal specification
+
|tree
−
|In this field you indicate the basic types of specification. Does [your language] have determiners, demonstratives (deixis), numerals, quantifiers. Are there affixes expressing reference, deixis. Are there nouns or other elements expression a portion of a noun that the co-occur with?
+
|green, nice
 +
|alone
 +
|this
 +
|that I planted
 
|-
 
|-
−
|possession
+
|dzākwɛ́
−
|In this field you describe how possession is expressed (for example, syntactically or by use of prepositions, through juxtaposition or morphologically) Does [your language] feature possessive pronouns?
+
|*gbāgbā bı́
 +
|mı̄
 +
|yı̋
 +
|kēé mɛ̀ tùn
 +
|}
 +
<br>
 +
Let me also note that adjectives of colour need to precede adjectives of quality or quantity, as shown above.
 +
 
 +
Akye nouns express singular to plural. The morpheme of the plural is ɔ. (e.g. Tsabi "human being" >  tsabi-ɔ "human beings"). Some of them change their form: e.g. Bi "child" > vin "children"
 +
 
 +
Akye features pronoun doubling, that is, a definite noun phrase needs to co-occur with a pronominal with which it agrees. This is illustrated in the following.
 +
 
 +
(2a)<Phrase>10338</Phrase>
 +
(2b)<Phrase>10337</Phrase>
 +
(2c)<Phrase>10339</Phrase>
 +
 
 +
The following sentences illustrate that a possessive nominalized verb such as ''his helping of orphans'' (3b) requires the occurrence of a noun phrase final definiteness marker.
 +
 
 +
<Phrase>10340</Phrase>
 +
<Phrase>10341</Phrase>
 +
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|pronominal system
 
|pronominal system
−
| In this field you indicate if [your language] has free pronoun forms? Are pronouns marked for their grammatical function (object versus subject pronouns)? Does your language have bound pronouns (affixes) or pronoun doubling? Are reflexives expressed by pronouns?
+
|  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|'''Verbal Phrases'''
 
|'''Verbal Phrases'''
−
|In the following fields serve for the description of some of the basic morpho-syntactic properties of verbal constituents
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|word order
 
|word order
−
|In this field you indicate the basic word order of your language (SOV, SOV ...)
+
|Attie is an SVO language; but in the emphatic imperfective aspect the object precede the verb. This is illustrated below in (4). In this case the VP has the same structure as the verb in its citation form. The verb ''eat'' for example in its citation form is '''kà shì''' which means ''thing eat".
 +
 
 +
 
 +
(4) <Phrase>11869</Phrase>
 
|-
 
|-
−
|TAM  
+
|TAM
−
|In this field you indicate which tense and/or aspects are morphologically or tonally marked; does [your language] make use of periphrastic tense or aspect constructions?
+
|See under Inflectional Morphology
 
|-
 
|-
 
|infinitival forms
 
|infinitival forms
−
|In this field you indicate if [your language] makes use of an infinitive marker? How many infinitival forms does your language have?
+
| Akye does not distinguish between the verb's base form and an infinitive form. In fact verbs in their base form can be used as nouns.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|verbal constructions
+
|Special properties
−
| In this field you indicate if [your language] has ditransitive constructions, serial verb constructions or complex verb forms composed of several verbs. Does your language have so called light verbs, perhaps only used to indicate a certain tense or aspect?
+
|Akye has serial verb constructions. One such construction is illustrated below:
 +
 
 +
 
 +
(5) <Phrase>13425</Phrase>
 +
 
 +
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''Adpositions'''
+
|Bibliography
−
|In this field you indicate if [your language[ makes use of prepositions or postpositions. Does your language have spatial nouns? Does your language use adpositions or particles to indicate grammatical relations between the verb and a nominal argument?
+
|
−
|-
+
Adopo, Assi François et Bogny Yapo Joseph.   1996. "La problématique du ton très haut en Akyé"
−
|'''Complementation'''
+
Anguié, Florence.                            1997. "Esquisse phonologique d'un parler attié: le parler d'Afféry"
−
| In this field you describe complementation strategies. Does [your language] make use of complementizers?
+
Atsé N'Cho, Jean Baptiste.                    2000. "L'Akyé: une étude comparative du Bodin, du Kétin et du Naindin"
−
|-
+
Bogny, Yapo Joseph.                           1986. "Esquisse phonologique du lépin, parler akyé de Grand-Alépé"
−
|'''Special Properties of [your language]
+
Bogny, Yapo Joseph.                          1988. "Le système tonal du lépin, parler akyé de Grand-Alépé"
−
| In this field you should mention properties of [your language] which did not fit into any of the other categories mentioned in this template
+
Hood, Elizabeth and Constance Kutsch Lojenga. 1981. "Conte attié."
 +
Kouadio, N'Guessan Jérémie.                  1996. "Description systématique de l'Attié de Memni (langue Kwa de Côte d'Ivoire)"
 +
Kutsch Lojenga, Constance and Elisabeth Hood. 1983. "L’attié."
 +
Kutsch Lojenga, Constance and Elizabeth Hood. 1981. "Proverbes attié."
 +
Zribi-Hertz and Adopo Charlemagne.            1992. "The syntax of Attié pronominals"                   
 +
|
  
 +
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
====References====
 +
<references/>
 +
 +
[[Category:Typological Features Template|Attie]]

Latest revision as of 21:33, 20 July 2014

by Joseph Bogny

To cite this page see footnote [1]

Attie (ISO 639-3: ati) is one of the languages of the Côte d’Ivoire.

Feature Description
Phonological Features
Vowel inventory Attie, the name used by Ethnologue for what its speakers call Akye has a system of nine oral vowels: a e i o u ɛ ɔ ʌ ɤ and five nasal ones:an,in, ɛn, ɔn, ʌn. According to my recent works, the last two oral vowels are phonetic realisations of respectively ɛ and e. In the verb system when e or ɛ is suffixed to u it becomes ɤ or ʌ. Although phonemic in the following example where: ku-e > ku-ɤ (to be old+Past); ku-ɛ > ku-ʌ (to be old+Imperfect), they are not phonemic from a strictly phonological point of view. For example instead of using <<ku-e > ku-ɤ speakers use ku-o and ku-ɔ(aperture assimilation), and so ɔ instead of ʌ which means the + round feature of 'u' which replaces the -round of ʌ.

Since I consider the nasal feature as a syllable feature I assume there are no nasal vowels in Akye. In conclusion the vowel system of Attie is: i e ɛ a u o ɔ. It is the same system as we find in Baule.

Vowel harmony Akye is not an ATR language. But we find [RO] (Round) and aperture harmony. Examples: ʃi-ɔ > ʃi-u > ʃu-u (ɔ took the aperture of i and changed into u in the middle realization; in the last realization, the Round feature of i is assimilated by the one of u so that i became round )]
Consonant inventory p, t, c, k, kp, h, b, d,l, ɟ, gb, s,v, ʃ, j, w , ts, tʃ, dz, dʒ
Tone Attie has three tones: H, M, L. We find and extra high tone as in Aŋlo but it is the merging of H tone associated with an immediate L or M tone. The three tones are lexical.
Syllable Structure The basic syllable structure of Akye is CV.
Morpho-syntactic Features Akye is an agglutinative language with both prefixes and suffixes.
derivational morphology (1) The usual prefixes for noun derivation from verbs are a, o and e. The a stands for Agent, o stands for Theme related to an animate referent and e stands for Theme related to an inanimate referent. Notice that in (1a) the locative marker lá precedes the verb while in the deverbal form in (1b) it it a suffix that follows the verbal stem. The reason for this is the the nominal form is derived from the perfective form of the verb. (1a)
mɛ̀ mɛ̄ vı̋n lá yɛ̀
“I love my children”
mɛ̀
mɛ̀
1SGIPFV
PN
mɛ̄
mɛ̄
1SGPOSS
PN
vı̋n
vı̋n
children
N
lá
lá
insideLOC
N
yɛ̀
yɛ̀
love
V
(1b)
mɛ̄ àyɛ̀lá ā bʌ̀.
“My beloved comes”
mɛ̄
mɛ̄
1SGPOSS
 
àyɛ̀lá
àyɛ̀lá
PFVloveinsideLOC
V
ā
ā
IPFV
 
bʌ̀
bʌ̀
come
V



inflectional morphology Verbs, as most words in Akye, are monosyllabic. Tense, Aspect Mood marking follows two distinct paradigms dependent on the vowel quality of the verb's stem vowel:

Below we show the inflection for the verbs break and eat. The verb eat can only occur transitive unless it is negated.

baseform imperfective perfective irrealis
bú "break" búɔ bùò bú
(kà) shì "eat" (kà) shɛ̀ shè (kà) shì (kà)


Nominal Phrases The following template illustrates the word order within the noun phrase. Noun phrases in Akye are head-initial and the specifier follows the modifiers. The final element of the phrase is the relative clause. Determiners, demonstratives and quantifiers stand in complementary distribution.


Noun Adjective * Numeral {DEM DET QUANT} Relative Clause
dzākwɛ́ bı́ gbāgbā mı̄ yı̋ kēé mɛ̀ tùn
tree green, nice alone this that I planted
dzākwɛ́ *gbāgbā bı́ mı̄ yı̋ kēé mɛ̀ tùn


Let me also note that adjectives of colour need to precede adjectives of quality or quantity, as shown above.

Akye nouns express singular to plural. The morpheme of the plural is ɔ. (e.g. Tsabi "human being" > tsabi-ɔ "human beings"). Some of them change their form: e.g. Bi "child" > vin "children"

Akye features pronoun doubling, that is, a definite noun phrase needs to co-occur with a pronominal with which it agrees. This is illustrated in the following.

(2a)
abijan ʃukusɔn ba ba dze ʃuku
“The Abijan students go to school”
abijan
abijan
 
Np
ʃukusɔn
ʃukusɔn
schoolAGT
N
ba
ba
DEF
PN
ba
ba
they3PL
PN
dze
dze
go
V
ʃuku
ʃuku
school
N
(2b)
*abijan ʃukusɔn ba dze ʃuku
“Students of Abidjan went to school.”
*abijan
*abijan
 
N
ʃukusɔn
ʃukusɔn
schoolAGT
N
ba
ba
They3PL
PN
dze
dze
goVstem
V
ʃuku
ʃuku
school
N
(2c)
*abijan ʃukusɔn ba dze ʃuku
*abijan
*abijan
 
N
ʃukusɔn
ʃukusɔn
schoolAGT
N
ba
ba
DEF
PN
dze
dze
go
V
ʃuku
ʃuku
school
N


The following sentences illustrate that a possessive nominalized verb such as his helping of orphans (3b) requires the occurrence of a noun phrase final definiteness marker.

nsafu-ɔn o boka mpɛtɛ-ɔ
“The soldier helped the orphan”
ǹsáfùɔ̄ɔ̀n
nsafuɔn
soldierDEF
N
ò
o
3SG
PN
bōkà
boka
helped
V
mpɛtɛɔ
mpɛtɛɔ
orphanDEF
N
nsafu-ɔn o mpɛtɛ boka-a
“The soldier's helping of the orphan”
ǹsáfùɔ̄ɔ̀n
ǹsáfùnɔ̄ɔ̀n
soldierFOCDEF
N
ó
ó
his3SGPOSS
PN
mɛ̀pɛ́tɛ̀
mɛ̀pɛ́tɛ̀
orphan
N
bókàāà
bókàāà
help DEF
N


pronominal system
Verbal Phrases
word order Attie is an SVO language; but in the emphatic imperfective aspect the object precede the verb. This is illustrated below in (4). In this case the VP has the same structure as the verb in its citation form. The verb eat for example in its citation form is kà shì which means thing eat".


(4)

TAM See under Inflectional Morphology
infinitival forms Akye does not distinguish between the verb's base form and an infinitive form. In fact verbs in their base form can be used as nouns.
Special properties Akye has serial verb constructions. One such construction is illustrated below:


(5)
mɛ̀ fè kpāŋ̀ shè
“I sold bread”
mɛ̀
mɛ̀
I1SGPFV
PN
fè
fè
buyPFV
V1
kpāŋ̀
kpāŋ̀
bread
N
shè
shìè
eatPFV
V2


Bibliography 
Adopo, Assi François et Bogny Yapo Joseph.    1996. "La problématique du ton très haut en Akyé"
Anguié, Florence.                             1997. "Esquisse phonologique d'un parler attié: le parler d'Afféry"
Atsé N'Cho, Jean Baptiste.                    2000. "L'Akyé: une étude comparative du Bodin, du Kétin et du Naindin"
Bogny, Yapo Joseph.                           1986. "Esquisse phonologique du lépin, parler akyé de Grand-Alépé"
Bogny, Yapo Joseph.                           1988. "Le système tonal du lépin, parler akyé de Grand-Alépé"
Hood, Elizabeth and Constance Kutsch Lojenga. 1981. "Conte attié."
Kouadio, N'Guessan Jérémie.                   1996. "Description systématique de l'Attié de Memni (langue Kwa de Côte d'Ivoire)"
Kutsch Lojenga, Constance and Elisabeth Hood. 1983. "L’attié."
Kutsch Lojenga, Constance and Elizabeth Hood. 1981. "Proverbes attié."
Zribi-Hertz and Adopo Charlemagne.            1992. "The syntax of Attié pronominals"

References

  1. ↑ Joseph Bogny. 2010. Typological Features for Attie. TypeCraft Typological Features Template. http://www.typecraft.org. Accessed [DATE].
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