Difference between revisions of "Multi-verb constructions in Edo"

Revision as of 15:34, 15 July 2011

By

Ota Ogie

Researcher affiliated with the Department of Language and Communication Studies.

NTNU - e-mail:ota.ogie@hf.ntnu.no

(alternatively you can use the TC-internal e-mail to contact me)

== Introduction ==

This study examines multi-verb constructions in Èdó (a Benue-Congo language) with the aim of identifying and classifying them and their argument sharing patterns. Èdó is spoken in Èdó state in Mid-Western Nigeria and belongs to the Edoid language group (Elugbe 1979). It is a head initial SVO language with an open syllable system with no consonant clusters.

We draw main background assumptions from the following sources; implemented Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammars for Norwegian (Hellan 2003) and Ga (Hellan 2007) a Kwa language spoken in Ghana; an HPSG account of argument realization patterns (Beermann, Hellan and Sætherø 2003); and a theory of event structure template (Pustejovsky 1995, 2006).

Multi-verb constructions provide useful insight into the question of how languages distinguish between adjunction and complementation. The term multi-verb constructions is defined as consisting of verbs in series that can function as independent verbs in simple sentences, with at least one shared argument and no marking of syntactic dependency (cf. Amaka 2005:2). They include SVCs, covert co-ordination and V+ infinitival complement constructions (Ogie 2009):

1. Consequential Serial verb construction

2. Covert co-ordination

3. V+infinitival complement construction

== Verbal Morphology ==

With respect to verbal morphology, verbs in simple and multi-verb constructions can be inflected for the purpose of pluralizing nouns they occur with and to mark iteration.

Simple sentence: V+plural suffix

multi-verb constructions : consequential serial verb construction

V+plural suffix NP V+plural suffix

Tense and transitivity are marked on the verb either through tonal changes or by affixation of a past tense suffix –rV under appropriate licensing conditions. With plural verbs,the order is the plural suffix before the past suffix.

7. Simple sentence: Present tense

8. Simple sentence: Past tense

9. Multi-verb constructions: consequential serial verb constuction- Present tense

10. Multi-verb constructions:consequential serial verb constuction-past tense

The past tense suffix –rV does not occur with multi-verb constructions with the structure V (P) +V (P) and V+ mood construction.

== Multi-verb constructions:Tense,Aspect and Mood ==

The verbs in series in multi-verb constructions bear one marking for tense, aspect, mood or negation:

11.Consequential serial verb construction

12. Resultative serial verb constructions

13. V+infinitival complement constructions

14. covert co-ordination constructions

11 verbal constructions in Èdó are shown to pattern into four structural types with respect to the distribution of the past tense suffix –rV, an infinitival marker yá, a floating anaphor tòbórè 'by him/her/it self ', VP adverbs and argument sharing patterns. Of the 11 verbal constructions 7 are shown to be multi-verb constructions. In 4 of the constructions one of the verbs in series is shown to be reanalyzed as an adjunct and I label these constructions as V+modifier constructions.With respect to syntactic behavoiur they behave like simple sentences.

15. V+modifier constuctions

The distribution and structural types of the multi-verb constructions are as follows:

A. V (P) +V (P) constructions: resultatives SVCs, consequential SVCs, negative resultatives and covert co-ordination constructions: -rV not licensed, infinitival yá not licensed. The verbs in series have the same values for Tense, Aspect and Mood (TAM).

B. V + mood constructions: purpose serial verb constructions: -rV licensed, infinitival yá not licensed. V2 has a positive value for MOOD.

C. V+ infinitival complement constructions: comitative and instrumental constructions: -rV licensed, infinitival yá licensed and V2 is non-finite.

Reanalyzed V+ modifier constructions:

D. V+ modifier constructions: durational, directional, locational, manner constructions: -rV licensed, infinitival yá not licensed. One verb in the series is reanalyzed as adverb.

The –rV suffix also interacts in an interesting way with the temporal structures of multi-verb constructions. Overlapping events license –rV while non-overlapping events do not[1](Ogie 2004)

== Schema for multi-verb constructions in Èdó ==

Two schemas are posited to account for Èdó multi-verb constructions:

i.Verb-serial-compl (ement)-phrase with a complementation structure for the

  V (P) +V (P) resultative and V+infinitival complement constructions.

ii.Serial-mod-phrase with an adjunction structure for V+mood constructions, V+modifier

 constructions and V (P) +V (P); consequential, purpose, and negative resultative  
 constructions.

properties of Èdó multi-verb constructions are situated within the typology of the following languages of the Niger-Congo: Igbo and Yoruba (Benue-Congo), Gurenne (Oti-Volta), Ga, Baule, Akan and Ewe (Kwa) A typology of multi-verb constructions in some languages of the Niger-Congo

An Èdó GrammarMatrix is being constructed based on the analysis of Ogie(2009)An Edo MatrixGrammar.

References for research on Èdó language by Ota Ogie