Possessive constructions in Norwegian
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Possessive construction here subsumes constructions with possessive pronouns and with NPs with an -s attached at the end (without apostrophe).
Forms of Possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns come in three patterns:
Pattern 1 uses essentially a personal pronoun plus -s (see Personal pronouns in Norwegian); these forms have no inflection reflecting the noun for the item possessed (as opposed to patterns 2 and 3):
hans ('his'),
hennes ('her'),
dens ('its'), when the noun for the possessor is masculine or feminine gender,
dets ('its'), when the noun for the possessor is neuter gender,
dennes ('this one's'), when the noun for the possessor is masculine or feminine gender,
dettes ('that one's'), when the noun for the possessor is neuter gender,
deres (your', plural), when the possessor is second person (the ones talked to),
OR
('their', plural), when the possessor is third person (what is talked about).
Pattern 2 is constituted by
min ('my'), when the possessor is first person singular,
din ('your') when the possessor is second person singular,
sin (reflexive 'his', 'her') when the possessor is third person singular,
and these forms inflect as follows reflecting the noun for the item possessed:
when the noun for the item possessed is a masculine singular noun: min, din, sin when the noun for the item possessed is a feminine singular noun: mi, di, si when the noun for the item possessed is a neuter singular noun: mitt, ditt, sitt when the noun for the item possessed is a plural noun, any gender: mine, dine, sine
Pattern 3 has one item, vår ('our'), for first person plural, which has the pattern:
.
when the noun for the item possessed is a masculine singular noun: vår when the noun for the item possessed is a feminine singular noun: vår when the noun for the item possessed is a neuter singular noun: vårt when the noun for the item possessed is a plural noun, any gender: våre
Constructions using possessive pronouns
1. 'Possessive pronouns occurring before the noun
Possessive pronouns occupy the position otherwise held by the definite article, and they may be said to induce a definiteness effect in that they require the weak form of the adjective. Contrary to the definite article, however, the ensuing noun has to be in indefinite form.
In the display below, note hat when the first example includes
min e 1sg PL
where 'sg' means 'singular' and 'PL' means 'plural', this is no contradiction: the non-colored '1sg' expresses that the item referred to is the speaker, and a single person, whereas 'PL' in blue-colored script means that mine stands in an agreement relation to a plural noun:
| mine | |
| min | e |
| 1sg | PL |
| PNposs | |
| griser | |
| gris | er |
| pig | PLMASCINDEF |
| N | |
| mine | |
| min | e |
| 1sg | PL |
| PNposs | |
| tre |
| tre |
| three |
| NUM |
| små |
| små |
| smallPL |
| ADJ |
| griser | |
| gris | er |
| pig | PLMASCINDEF |
| N | |
| min |
| min |
| 1sgSG |
| PNposs |
| glade | |
| glad | e |
| glad | DEF |
| ADJ | |
| gris |
| gris |
| pig |
| N |
2. 'Possessive pronouns occurring after the noun
For possessive pronouns, another position of occurrence is immediately after the noun, which then has to be in definite form:
| grisen | |
| gris | en |
| pig | DEFMASCSG |
| N | |
| min |
| min |
| 1sgSG |
| PNposs |
| den |
| den |
| DEFMASCSG |
| DET |
| glade | |
| glad | e |
| glad | DEF |
| ADJ | |
| grisen | |
| gris | en |
| pig | DEFMASCSG |
| N | |
| min |
| min |
| 1sgSG |
| PNposs |
3. Possessive pronoun occurring before the noun, together with a possessor NP
Possessive NPs with -s
TO BE WRITTEN
den rike bondens (tre) (små) griser
den rike bondens (lille) gris
- den rike bondens (tre) (små) grisene