Valency label 'SAS'
'SAS' stands for 'Syntactic Argument Structure' , and is a format for valency frame specification used in TypeCraft and MultiVal (Multilingual Verb Valence Lexicon). It is here illustrated with a few examples from English. A more comprehensive view of the system is given in Valency code illustrations, together with views of other labeling systems for valence, one of which is used in the Norwegian Computational Grammar Norsource; another view just showing the SAS classification is given in Valency label SAS for Norwegian. For use of SAS and the other codes in a corpus, see the page: Norwegian Valency Corpus.
SAS Labels
| SAS Label | Example in English | Example in Norwegian | Example in German |
|---|---|---|---|
| EXPL | It rains. | ||
| EXPL+APpred+S | It is nice that you came. | ||
| EXPL+APpred+adpos | |||
| EXPL+INF | It starts to dawn. | ||
| EXPL+NP | There sits a mouse. | ||
| EXPL+NP+Sdecl | It surprises me that he came. | ||
| EXPL+NP+SquestWH | It eludes me who came. | ||
| EXPL+NPpred+Sdecl | It is a success that he came. | ||
| NP | John sits. | ||
| NP+APpred | He is cute. | ||
| NP+INF | He tries to run. | ||
| NP+INF:equiSBJ | He tries to run. | ||
| NP+INF:raisingSBJ | He seems to run. | ||
| NP+NP | He sees the danger. | ||
| NP+NP+APpred | She makes the city happy. | ||
| NP+NP+INF:equiOBJ | She asks John to run. | ||
| NP+NP+INF:equiSBJ | She promises John to run. | ||
| NP+NP+INF:raisingOBJ | She expects John to come. | ||
| NP+NP+NP | She gives the boy a house. | ||
| NP+NP+NPpred | She calls him a hero. | ||
| NP+NP+PP | She tells a story about him. | ||
| NP+NP+PP+PP | She tells a story to Peter about Pi. | ||
| NP+NP+PRTPpred:as | She regards him as a hero. | ||
| NP+NP+Sdecl | She tells him that he has lost. | ||
| NP+NP+SquestWH | She tells him who lost. | ||
| NP+NP+SquestYN | She tells him whether he has lost. | ||
| NP+NPpred | He is a fool. | ||
| NP+NPrefl | He perjures himself. | ||
| NP+NPrefl+NPpred | He considers himself a hero. | ||
| Sdecl+NP | That he came surprises me. |
EXPL+NP+INF EXPL+NP+INF[equiOBJ] EXPL+NP+NP EXPL+NP+NP+INF EXPL+NP+Sdecl EXPL+NP+SquestWH EXPL+NP+SquestYN EXPL+NP+adpos EXPL+NPpred+Sdecl EXPL+NPpred+SquestWH EXPL+NPpred+SquestYN EXPL+NPrefl+NP EXPL+NPrefl+NP+adpos EXPL+NPrefl+S EXPL+NPrefl+Sdecl EXPL+NPrefl+SquestWH EXPL+NPrefl+SquestYN EXPL+NPrefl+adpos EXPL+NPrefl+adpos+NP EXPL+PP+Sdecl EXPL+PP+SquestWH EXPL+PP+SquestYN EXPL+PP[Sdecl] EXPL+PP[SquestWH]+S& EXPL+PP[SquestWH]+S& EXPL+PP[SquestYN]+S& EXPL+PP[SquestYN]+SquestYN EXPL+PPpred+Sdecl EXPL+PPpred+SquestYN EXPL+PRTP[S] EXPL+Sdecl EXPL+Squest EXPL+adpos EXPL+adpos+INF EXPL+adpos+NP EXPL+adpos+PP[S] EXPL+adpos+Sdecl INF INF+NP INF+NP+NP INF+NPpred INF+PP NP NP+ADVP+PP NP+ADVPpred NP+ADVPpred+NP NP+APpred NP+APpred+adpos NP+EXPL+INF NP+EXPL+S NP+EXPL+Sdecl NP+INF NP+INF:equiSBJ NP+INF:raisingSBJ NP+NP NP+NP+APpred NP+NP+INF:equiOBJ NP+NP+INF:equiSBJ NP+NP+INF:raisingOBJ NP+NP+INF:raisingSBJ NP+NP+NP NP+NP+NP+PP NP+NP+NPpred NP+NP+PP NP+NP+PP+PP NP+NP+PP[INF:equiOBJ] NP+NP+PP[INF] NP+NP+PP[Sdecl] NP+NP+PP[Squest] NP+NP+PPpred NP+NP+PRTPpred:for NP+NP+PRTPpred:som NP+NP+PRTPpred:til NP+NP+Sdecl NP+NP+SquestWH NP+NP+SquestYN NP+NP+VPpass NP+NP+XPpred NP+NP+adpos NP+NPpred NP+NPrefl NP+NPrefl+ADVP NP+NPrefl+ADVPpred NP+NPrefl+APpred NP+NPrefl+INF:equiOBJ NP+NPrefl+INF:raisSBJ NP+NPrefl+INF:raisOBJ NP+NPrefl+NP NP+NPrefl+NPpred NP+NPrefl+PP NP+NPrefl+PP[INF:equiOBJ NP+NPrefl+PP[Sdecl] NP+NPrefl+PP[Squest] NP+NPrefl+PRTP:for[INF:raisOBJ] NP+NPrefl+PRTPpred:som NP+NPrefl+PRTPpred:til NP+NPrefl+S NP+NPrefl+SquestWH NP+NPrefl+SquestYN NP+NPrefl+XP:raisSBJ NP+NPrefl+XPpred NP+NPrefl+adpos NP+PP NP+PP+NP NP+PP+PP NP+PP:til[INF:raisSBJ NP+PP[INF:equiSBJ] NP+PP[Sdecl:som] NP+PP[Sdecl] NP+PP[Squest] NP+PP[refl] NP+PP[refl]+NP NP+PPpred NP+PRTPpred NP+PRTPpred:som NP+Sdecl NP+Squest NP+SquestWH NP+SquestYN NP+VP NP+VPpass NP+VPperf NP+XPpred NP+adpos NP+adpos+NP NP+adpos+PP:som[S] NP+adpos+PP[INF:equiSBJ] NP+adpos+PRTP NP+adpos+S S+PP[Sdecl] Sdecl Sdecl+APpred Sdecl+NP Sdecl+NP+NP Sdecl+NP+PP Sdecl+NP+PP[Sdecl] Sdecl+NP+PP[Squest] Sdecl+NP+Sdecl Sdecl+NP+Squest Sdecl+NPpred Sdecl+PP Sdecl+PPpred Sdecl+Sdecl Sdecl+Squest Squest Squest+APpred Squest+NP Squest+NP+NP Squest+NP+Squest Squest+PP Squest+PP[Squest] Squest+Squest SquestWH+NPpred SquestYN+NPpred