Possessive constructions in Norwegian
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The notion Possessive construction here subsumes constructions with possessive pronouns, and with NPs with an -s attached at the end (without apostrophe). We describe these in turn.
Forms of Possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns come in three patterns:
Pattern 1 uses essentially a personal pronoun plus -s (see Personal pronouns in Norwegian); these forms have no inflection reflecting the noun for the item possessed (as opposed to patterns 2 and 3):
hans ('his'),
hennes ('her'),
dens ('its'), when the noun for the possessor is masculine or feminine gender,
dets ('its'), when the noun for the possessor is neuter gender,
dennes ('this one's'), when the noun for the possessor is masculine or feminine gender,
dettes ('that one's'), when the noun for the possessor is neuter gender,
deres (your', plural), when the possessor is second person (the ones talked to),
OR
('their', plural), when the possessor is third person (what is talked about).
Pattern 2 is constituted by
min ('my'), when the possessor is first person singular,
din ('your') when the possessor is second person singular,
sin (reflexive 'his', 'her') when the possessor is third person singular,
and these forms inflect as follows reflecting the noun for the item possessed:
when the noun for the item possessed is a masculine singular noun: min, din, sin when the noun for the item possessed is a feminine singular noun: mi, di, si when the noun for the item possessed is a neuter singular noun: mitt, ditt, sitt when the noun for the item possessed is a plural noun, any gender: mine, dine, sine
Pattern 3 has one item, vår ('our'), for first person plural, which has the pattern:
.
when the noun for the item possessed is a masculine singular noun: vår when the noun for the item possessed is a feminine singular noun: vår when the noun for the item possessed is a neuter singular noun: vårt when the noun for the item possessed is a plural noun, any gender: våre
Constructions using possessive pronouns
1. 'Possessive pronouns occurring before the noun
Possessive pronouns occupy the position otherwise held by the definite article, and they may be said to induce a definiteness effect in that they require the weak form of the adjective. Contrary to the definite article, however, the ensuing noun has to be in indefinite form.
In the display below (here PNposs stands for the word class 'possessive pronoun', which mine belongs to), note that when the first example includes
min e 1sg PL PNposs
where 'sg' means 'singular' and 'PL' means 'plural', this is no contradiction: the non-colored '1sg' expresses that the item referred to is the speaker, and a single person, whereas 'PL' in blue-colored script means that mine stands in an agreement relation to a plural noun:
| mine | |
| min | e |
| 1sg | PL |
| PNposs | |
| griser | |
| gris | er |
| pig | PLMASCINDEF |
| N | |
| mine | |
| min | e |
| 1sg | PL |
| PNposs | |
| tre |
| tre |
| three |
| NUM |
| små |
| små |
| smallPL |
| ADJ |
| griser | |
| gris | er |
| pig | PLMASCINDEF |
| N | |
| min |
| min |
| 1sgSG |
| PNposs |
| glade | |
| glad | e |
| glad | DEF |
| ADJ | |
| gris |
| gris |
| pig |
| N |
In general, the 'blue' items reflect properties of grammatical form, and the 'green' items are word classes ('parts of speech' - POS), whereas the non-colored parts expose meaning and the spelled form. When in the description of the word min in the last example, meaning and blue stand together as follows,
1sgSG
that is because the form min is not split in two parts (morphs) where one gives the meaning '1sg' and the other the grammatical form 'singular' - here the form min counts by itself as an expression both of the meaning 'speaker, singular' and of the grammatical property 'singular', and in such a case the two symbols stand without space between them.
The same principle applies in the annotation of the noun griser
griser gris er pig PL.MASC.INDEF N
where in this case the inflection morph er contains all of the information plural, masculine and indefinite, symbolised by the blue expressions PL, MASC, and INDEF, separated only by a dot (which may not be visible).
'2. 'Possessive pronouns occurring after the noun
For possessive pronouns, another position of occurrence is immediately after the noun, which then has to be in definite form:
| grisen | |
| gris | en |
| pig | DEFMASCSG |
| N | |
| min |
| min |
| 1sgSG |
| PNposs |
| den |
| den |
| DEFMASCSG |
| DET |
| glade | |
| glad | e |
| glad | DEF |
| ADJ | |
| grisen | |
| gris | en |
| pig | DEFMASCSG |
| N | |
| min |
| min |
| 1sgSG |
| PNposs |
3. Possessive pronoun occurring behind a possessor NP, and before the noun
This construction is illustrated below: a full NP comes first, then the third person reflexive possessive pronoun, and then the 'possessed' noun.
| Ola |
| ola |
| Ola |
| Np |
| sin |
| sin |
| hisREFLSGMASC |
| TRUNC |
| gris |
| gris |
| pig |
| N |
Possessive NPs with -s
TO BE WRITTEN
den rike bondens (tre) (små) griser
den rike bondens (lille) gris
- den rike bondens (tre) (små) grisene