Typological Features Template for Tem
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| Feature | Description |
| Phonological Features | Le Tem a seize (16) consonnes et neuf (9) voyelles. Sa syllable est ouverte; il comporte deux accents. Le Tem n’a pas de tons phonologiques. |
| Vowel inventory | a ɛ ɔ e o ɩ ʋ i u |
| Vowel harmony | Le Tem pratique l’harmonie vocalique ATR et Ro. Avec l’harmonie ATR, le trait ATR (+ATR, -ATR) de la voyelle du radical se propage dans les voyelles des clitiques de gauche et de droite. Avec l’harmonie Ro (arrondissement) seules les voyelles des clitiques de gauche sont soumises a la propagation du trait Ro (+Ro, -Ro) de la voyelle du radical. Soit les clitiques ɖɩ (gauche) et ɖɛ (droite) et les radicaux bi ‘moucheron’, bɩ ‘lie de vin de palme’ et ko ‘fruit non mure’. Avec l’harmonie ATR, on aura ɖibiɖe pour moucheron, ɖɩbɩɖɛ pour ‘lie de vin de palme’ et ɖukoɖe pour ‘fruit vert’. Avec l’harmonie Ro, le clitique ɖɩ est ɖi ( i = +Ro) dans ɖibiɖe parce que la voyelle i du radical bi est +Ro; il devient ɖu dans ɖukoɖe parce que o du radical ko est +Ro. |
| Consonant inventory | b = occlusive sonore labiale; t (variante d) = occlusive dentale ; ɖ (variante r) = occlusive dento-alveolaire retroflexe ; c (variante ɟ) = occlusive palatale ; k (variante g) = occlusive velaire ; kp (variante gb) = occlusive labiovelaire ; m = nasale labiale ; n = nasale dentale, ɲ= nasale palatale ; ŋm = nasale labiovelaire ; f (variante v) = fricative labiale ; s (variante z) = fricative dentale ; j = semi-voyelle palatale; w = semi-voyelle labiovelaire ; l = laterale |
| Tone | En surface, le Tem presente l’aspect d’une langue a tons. De fait il n’a pas de tons phonologiques. Par contre il a deux accents, un accent d’intensite et un accent melodique. L’accent d’intensite frappe la syllabe du radical et declenche le processus d’harmonie vocalique decrit ci-dessus. L’accent melodique quant a lui, est lie au clitique. La presence de cet accent sur une syllable est manifestee par une melodie haute assimilable au ton haut et son absence sur une syllable equivaut, par contraste, a un ton bas. Dans la chaine parlee, les deux niveaux s’influencent reciproquememt; ce qui donne a la melodie de l’enonce une allure de downdrift et/ou de downstep. |
| Syllable Structure | La syllable Tem est une syllable ouverte. Elle est principalement CV; elle peut etre V et CVV. Le radical est preferentiellement CV mais il peut etre CVC ou C. Le morpheme grammatical est, lui, CV ou C. Dans la chaine parlee ces schemes de radical ou de de morphemes, associes ou non, sont corrigees en syllables ouvertes selon des procedes varies. |
| Morpho-syntactic Features | La morphosyntaxe nominale s’organise autour de la determination du nom. Le nom reçoit sa determination grace a un autre nom ou a l’adjectif. Quand le determinant est un nom il se place a gauche du nom. Cette disposition est maintenue quand le nom est remplace par son substitute pronominal : Soit le nom fɔ́ɔ ‘chien’. Si le nom determinant de fɔ́ɔ est bú (bi-ʋ) ‘enfant’ le syntagme de determination sera < bú fɔ́ɔ> ‘le chien de l’enfant’. En cas de remplacement du nom bú par son pronom ʋ, le syntagme devient <ʋ vɔ́ɔ> ‘son chien’. Lorsque le determinant est un adjectif, il se place a droite du nom determine. Ainsi, avec les adjectifs, kúmuw ‘petit’, na ‘ce’ et na-rʔ ‘un certain’, on aura, respectivemement <fɔ́ɔ kúmuwuká> ‘petit chien’, <fɔ́ɔ kana> ‘ce chien’ et <fɔ́ɔ nɛkɛ́rɛ́ʔ> ‘un certain chien’.
Les marques verbales etant strictememt grammaticales la construction morphosyntaxique autour du verbe concerne l’association du predicat avec ses arguments, plus particulierement celui dont il ne peut se passer, a savoir le sujet. Le sujet precede le verbe: < Súle sɩ́ŋɛʔ> ‘Soule est debout’, < Súle ta sɩ́ŋʔ> ‘Soule n’est pas mis debout’. Mais si la marque verbale est prefixee au radical verbal et qu’elle est de type vocalique, le pronom du genre humain ʋ vient s’interposer, en tant que support neutre par rapport aux genres, entre le nom sujet et le prefixe verbal; il se transforme pour l’occasion en wa : < Súle wa a zɩ́ŋʔ> ‘Soule s’est mis debout’, < Súle wá n zɩŋ́> ‘Soule va s’arreter’. |
| morphological classification (1) | [Your language] could be an isolating language (not (or nearly not) making use of morphology, agglutinative, such as the Bantu languages of Africa, or synthetic, such as the Saami languages of Scandinavia, or even polysynthetic such as Greenlandic. In this field you classify [your language] according to these parameters if possible. |
| morphological classification (2) | Linguists have distinguished between head- and dependent-marking languages. Semitic languages are head marking languages; it is the head of the noun phrases that needs to have a special form when followed by a dependent noun; in the Germanic languages it is the head of the verb phrase that expresses person-number features of its subject. Grammatical dependencies on the other hand are in some of the Germanic languages expressed on the dependent noun phrases in form of case. [Your language] might be both, head- and dependent-marking, depending on the category of speech and or the type of feature expressed. This is what you can describe in this field. |
| Nominal Phrases | In the following fields follows a description of some of the basic morpho-syntactic properties of nominal constituents |
| syntactic structure | In this field you describe the linear order of elements in the noun phrase |
| nominal modification | In this field you indicate the basic types of nominal modification (adjectives, relative clauses, adpositions...) |
| nominal specification | In this field you indicate the basic types of specification. Does [your language] have determiners, demonstratives (deixis), numerals, quantifiers. Are there affixes expressing reference, deixis. Are there nouns or other elements expression a portion of a noun that the co-occur with? |
| possession | In this field you describe how possession is expressed (for example, syntactically or by use of prepositions, through juxtaposition or morphologically) Does [your language] feature possessive pronouns? |
| pronominal system | In this field you indicate if [your language] has free pronoun forms? Are pronouns marked for their grammatical function (object versus subject pronouns)? Does your language have bound pronouns (affixes) or pronoun doubling? Are reflexives expressed by pronouns? |
| Verbal Phrases | In the following fields serve for the description of some of the basic morpho-syntactic properties of verbal constituents |
| word order | In this field you indicate the basic word order of your language (SOV, SOV ...) |
| TAM | In this field you indicate which tense and/or aspects are morphologically or tonally marked; does [your language] make use of periphrastic tense or aspect constructions? |
| infinitival forms | In this field you indicate if [your language] makes use of an infinitive marker? How many infinitival forms does your language have? |
| verbal constructions | In this field you indicate if [your language] has ditransitive constructions, serial verb constructions or complex verb forms composed of several verbs. Does your language have so called light verbs, perhaps only used to indicate a certain tense or aspect? |
| Adpositions | In this field you indicate if [your language[ makes use of prepositions or postpositions. Does your language have spatial nouns? Does your language use adpositions or particles to indicate grammatical relations between the verb and a nominal argument? |
| Complementation | In this field you describe complementation strategies. Does [your language] make use of complementizers? |
| Special Properties of [your language] | In this field you should mention properties of [your language] which did not fit into any of the other categories mentioned in this template |