Typological Features Template for Akan

By Lilian Haugereid

Feature	Description
Phonological Features	In the following I will describe the phonological inventory of Akan, not paying any special attention to a particular dialect, but sharing the features the three main dialects share, Asante Twi, Fante and Akuapem Twi share
Vowel inventory	Vowels in Akan are divided into three groups. A. Oral Vowels: In orthography there are 7 main vowels: i e ɛ a ɔ o u. They are the vowels one will find in any written Akan text. kofi kɔ sukuu “Kofi is a student” kofi kofi PNSBJ N kɔ kɔ go V sukuu sukuu schoolOBJ N ɔkɔ sukuu “He is a student” ɔkɔ ɔ kɔ 3sgSBJ go N sukuu sukuu school N But because Akan has the phonological feature Advanced Tongue Root (ATR), it is known to have 9 or 10 vowels: [e,ɔ,a,o,ɛ i,u,I, æ,ʊ ] depending on the dialect. These vowels divide into two sets, one + ATR and the other - ATR B. Nasalised Vowels: Nasalisation is an important phonological feature in Akan. It can for example bring changes in meaning. There are five nasalised vowels and they are marked in transcription by placing (~), which is normally called the tilde, above the vowel. These are the five nasalised vowels: i~ I~ ã , õ , ũ Examples: Fante Asante Akuapem English hũ - hu hũ - hu hũw - huw see - blow (air) (Dolphyne 1988:4) NB: In most cases the difference between Fante and Asante is tone. NB: Vowels [o, ɛ, ɔ, o] are only nasalised in the Fante dialects C. Long Vowels: Vowels in Akan can either be long or short. The length of the vowel can determine the meaning difference of some words in the language. In orthography, long vowels are represented by doubling them. Examples: Akan English Akan English da sleep daa everyday sa dance saa exactly kɔ go kɔɔ red
Vowel harmony	In this field you describe rule based assimilations involving vowels in [your language]
Consonant inventory	In this field you describe the consonants of [your language]
Tone	In this field you indicate if [your language] is a tone language and which tones are used; does [your language] have lexical tone?
Syllable Structure	In this field you indicate the basic syllable structures of [your language].
Morpho-syntactic Features	In the following fields you describe some of the basic morpho-syntactic parameters of [your language]
morphological classification (1)	[Your language] could be an isolating language (not (or nearly not) making use of morphology, agglutinative, such as the Bantu languages of Africa, or synthetic, such as the Saami languages of Scandinavia, or even polysynthetic such as Greenlandic. In this field you classify [your language] according to these parameters if possible.
morphological classification (2)	Linguists have distinguished between head- and dependent-marking languages. Semitic languages are head marking languages; it is the head of the noun phrases that needs to have a special form when followed by a dependent noun; in the Germanic languages it is the head of the verb phrase that expresses person-number features of its subject. Grammatical dependencies on the other hand are in some of the Germanic languages expressed on the dependent noun phrases in form of case. [Your language] might be both, head- and dependent-marking, depending on the category of speech and or the type of feature expressed. This is what you can describe in this field.
Nominal Phrases	In the following fields follows a description of some of the basic morpho-syntactic properties of nominal constituents
syntactic structure	In this field you describe the linear order of elements in the noun phrase
nominal modification	In this field you indicate the basic types of nominal modification (adjectives, relative clauses, adpositions...)
nominal specification	In this field you indicate the basic types of specification. Does [your language] have determiners, demonstratives (deixis), numerals, quantifiers. Are there affixes expressing reference, deixis. Are there nouns or other elements expression a portion of a noun that the co-occur with?
possession	In this field you describe how possession is expressed (for example, syntactically or by use of prepositions, through juxtaposition or morphologically) Does [your language] feature possessive pronouns?
pronominal system	In this field you indicate if [your language] has free pronoun forms? Are pronouns marked for their grammatical function (object versus subject pronouns)? Does your language have bound pronouns (affixes) or pronoun doubling? Are reflexives expressed by pronouns?
Verbal Phrases	In the following fields serve for the description of some of the basic morpho-syntactic properties of verbal constituents
word order	In this field you indicate the basic word order of your language (SOV, SOV ...)
TAM	In this field you indicate which tense and/or aspects are morphologically or tonally marked; does [your language] make use of periphrastic tense or aspect constructions?
infinitival forms	In this field you indicate if [your language] makes use of an infinitive marker? How many infinitival forms does your language have?
verbal constructions	In this field you indicate if [your language] has ditransitive constructions, serial verb constructions or complex verb forms composed of several verbs. Does your language have so called light verbs, perhaps only used to indicate a certain tense or aspect?
Adpositions	In this field you indicate if [your language[ makes use of prepositions or postpositions. Does your language have spatial nouns? Does your language use adpositions or particles to indicate grammatical relations between the verb and a nominal argument?
Complementation	In this field you describe complementation strategies. Does [your language] make use of complementizers?
Special Properties of [your language]	In this field you should mention properties of [your language] which did not fit into any of the other categories mentioned in this template