Documenting Lule Sami

Documenting Lule Sami is a pilot study for the in-depth manual annotation of written Lule Sami (for more information about the project itself see Annotation_of_representative_texts_from_Lule_Sami_-_An_NTNU_project). The study was conducted by Dorothee Beermann (see also About TypeCraft) at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology [1]. The project started in Mai 2008 and ended in December 2008. Under About Lule Sami you find a short introduction to the Lule Sami language; there you also find references to other relevant links about the Sami and their language.

Lule Sami is a morphologically rich, highly inflected and very often fusional language which makes its in-depth morpho-syntactic annotation an interesting, yet at the same time a difficult and very time-consuming task. None of the texts we have collected has been annotated before, and since Lule Sami is, with fewer than 1,500 speakers in Norway and Sweden, of which only a few speak Lule Sami as their first language, one of the highly endangered languages in Europe, it is important that efforts in documenting Lule Sami are made now.

Below we discuss some of the issues that were raised during the annotation process.

(Dorothee) At this point it is not clear which subtypes of nominalizing suffixes we should distinguish. Should we for example introduce NMLZ.actio and other subtypes of nominalizer. How useful would that be? Perhaps we should wait until we have a clearer overview over which categories are needed, and try to use the tags of the type V>N etc. for the time being.

V > Adj but how about ADJ->V

In the phrase below we need the tag ADJ->V

Dá bale bessin oahppe vehi oahpásmuvvat doarromuseajn Narvijkan ja sáme ásadusáj Jåhkåmåhken åvdås vádtsájin.

“ ”

Dá

dá

theseNOMPL

DEM

bale

timeGENSG

N

bessin
bessi	n
be_allowed	3PLPAST
Vitr

oahppe

pupilNOMPL

N

vehi

little

ADVm

oahpásmuvvat
oahpá	s	muvva	t
		get_to_be	INF
Vtr

doarromuseajn
doarro	musea	jn
warNOMSG	museum	withCOMITSG
N

Narvijkan
Narvijka	n
Narvik	atINESSSG
Np

ja

and

CONJC

sáme

SaamiGENSG

N

ásadusáj
ásadusá	j
arrangemet	medCOMITPL
N

Jåhkåmåhken
Jåhkåmåhke	n
river_bend	atINESSSG
Np

åvdås

before

vádtsájin
vádtsá	jin
leave	3PLPAST
Vitr

oahpásmuvvat: oahpás- is an ADJ ('oahpás-' in compounds, 'oahpes' (ATT) otherwise)

(Kristin): It should be possible to note somewhere that verb(s) can be derived from adjectives. Maybe there should be one more level for derivations only? Also, the translation is of no help: while oahpás- is an ADJ in ATT form, known is a V in PERF.PART form. Translation gives us only sketchy semantics.

(Dorothee): UPS yes, we need the tag ADJ->V

PRON.POSS vs. PRON

Áhttje mijá guhti le almen.

“Our Father which art in Heaven,”

Áhttje

áhttje

fatherNOMSG

N

mijá

mij

ourGENPL

PN

guhti

whoNOMSG

PROint

le

is3SGPRES

COP

almen
alme	n
heaven	inINESSSG
N

Above is a nominal construction where the possessive pronoun follows the noun. Possessive pronouns may also precede the noun.

Question: Are both syntactic pattern in free distribution? Is one of the two constructions preferred? So do we find one of the constructions more often in our texts?

Why really should we use only PRON when the possessive is used attributive, but PRON.POSS when it is used as modifier?.

VERBAL FORMS

more verbal tags...

While annotating verb forms in Lule Sami we noticed that TypeCraft did not provide all the tags we needed. In the following we exemplify some of the verb forms, and discuss the right use of tags.

Please see the updated list of gloss tags Special:TypeCraft/GlossTags/ (Dorothee 15:51, 15 December 2008 (CET))

GERUND we need two tags for two distinct gerunds:

Gerund I

expresses: 'while'..., 'at the same time as'... Gerund I expresses the partial overlap of two events.

sån oaddá-j bårå-dijn = he fell asleep while eating

jåhte-t -> jåde-dijn = while moving

tjieggi-t -> tjieggi-dijn = while traveling

tjåhkani-t -> tjåhkana-ttjin= while assembling

Note: -dijn is used after the last vowel of the week stem of a pair-syllabic verb or after the last vowel of the stem of a contracted verb. -ttjinis used after the last vowel of an unpair-syllabic verb (the last stem vowel changes to '-a').

Gerund II

expresses: someone is doing something, or something is going on, or something has started but is not finished. The Gerund II is build through the use of the auxiliary liehke-t (to be).

sån la låhkå-min = he is reading

-min - used after the last vowel of the strong stem of a pair-syllabic verb

Ex: sån la goarro-min (= she is sewing)

- used after the last vowel of a contract verb:

Ex: sån la guolli-min (= she is fishing)

-me - used after the last vowel of an unpair-syllabic verb

Ex: sån la malesti-me (= he is cooking) (all examples from Spiik) (Kristin)

Imperative

Also here we need two distinct tags to distinguish between

IMP.1 which expresses a direct order.

IMP.2 which expresses a strong wish or suggestion

INCHOATIVE

In the gloss tier we need a tag for inchoative verbs. Here an example:

Hyhto sisi manájma ja jus riekta de oaddát galgajma, valla ejma ájn ájgo.

“We went inside the cabin and, if doing right, then we would go to sleep, but we did not yet intend to do that.”

Hyhto

hyhto

cabinGENSG

N

sisi

insideILLSG

Nspat

manájma
maná	j	ma
go	PAST	1PL
Vitr

ja

and

CONJC

jus

if

CONJS

riekta

right

ADVm

de

then

CONJS

oaddát
oaddá	t
sleepINCEP	INF
Vitr

galgajma
galga	j	ma
shall	PAST	1PL
AUX

valla

but

CONJC

ejma
e	j	ma
notNEG	PAST	1PL
Vtr

ájn

yet

ADVtemp

ájgo

intendNEG

PTCP

oaddá-t er inchoative of oade-t.

Done. Look at Special:TypeCraft/GlossTags/ (Dorothee 14:20, 15 December 2008 (CET))

Phonologically inchoatives are marked by a fortification of the consonant cluster and lengthening of the last vowel in the stem.

NEGATIVE VERBS

The tag Vneg in the POS tier is needed. Please see the list of gloss tags Special:TypeCraft/GlossTags/

Supinum

Iŋŋgá: Mån dal biejav mállásav duoldatjit.

“Inggá: I now put the dinner to cook.”

Iŋŋga:

Iŋŋgá:

Inggá:NOMSG

Np

Mån

mån

I1SGNOM

PN

dal

now

ADVtemp

biejav
bieja	v
put	1SGPRES
Vtr

mállásav
mállása	v
dinner	ACCSG
N

duoldatjit
duolda	tji	t
cook	for	INF
V

How should one annotate the suffix -tji in the above sentence. User:Kristin had suggested to use 'supinum'. The supinum is one of the infinite forms of LS next to the infinitive, the gerund, the participle and possibly others. In the examples above the suffix -tji was first annotated as supinum and the the -t as an infinitive marker, which did not make to much sense. User:Kristin then suggested that 'supinum' is tjit and as such an infinite marker. At present we have an annotation as shown in the example above.

The examples below illustrates the supinum

Ex: "Dån la má smidá váttsá-tjit!" - "You are clever at walking!"

It seems that most instances of infinitives so far occur after modal verbs, yet here seems to be a different case:

Mån galgav suhkkát sájdev bivdátjit.

“I shall row out to fish pollock.”

Mån

mån

I1SGNOM

PN

galgav
galga	v
shall	1SGPRES
AUX

suhkkát
suhkká	t
row	INF
Vitr

sájdev
sájde	v
pollock	ACCSG
N

bivdátjit
bivdá	tjit
fish	to

How should one really annnotate that one? (Dorothee 16:35, 15 December 2008 (CET))

Derivational or inflectional ??

We would like to mention that the supinum is characterised as a derivational suffix in descriptive grammars of LS. It is mentioned among the ordavledninger, the Norwegian word for word derivation.

Strong and weak verb stems

Verbs in LS can either have a weak or a strong stem, so for example the verb wash which has two stem forms

basá and bassi

the 1P, present tense is expressed as basá-v while the 1P past tense is bassi-v.

We will use the tag WEAK and STRONG to distinguish these two different types of verb stems.

Grammatical Changes

LS is changing...

Dá bale bessin oahppe vehi oahpásmuvvat doarromuseajn Narvijkan ja sáme ásadusáj Jåhkåmåhken åvdås vádtsájin.

“ ”

Dá

dá

theseNOMPL

DEM

bale

timeGENSG

N

bessin
bessi	n
be_allowed	3PLPAST
Vitr

oahppe

pupilNOMPL

N

vehi

little

ADVm

oahpásmuvvat
oahpá	s	muvva	t
		get_to_be	INF
Vtr

doarromuseajn
doarro	musea	jn
warNOMSG	museum	withCOMITSG
N

Narvijkan
Narvijka	n
Narvik	atINESSSG
Np

ja

and

CONJC

sáme

SaamiGENSG

N

ásadusáj
ásadusá	j
arrangemet	medCOMITPL
N

Jåhkåmåhken
Jåhkåmåhke	n
river_bend	atINESSSG
Np

åvdås

before

vádtsájin
vádtsá	jin
leave	3PLPAST
Vitr

oahpásmuvvat doarromuseajn

According to grammars of LS - oahpásmuvvat takes ILL, but in the example sentence above it is used with a COMIT case. This leads to a change in meaning:

- muvva-t: used with ILL: the meaning is: get to know (people and concrete things), get accustomed to, get experience with, get familiar with.

(- tuvva-t used with COMIT the meaning is: learn to know). (Kristin)

Translation of place names

In English (as in other languages too - but not so much in Norwegian..) it is quite normal to translate proper names, e.g. München > Munich, Firenze > Florence, København > Copenhagen, etc.

Lule Sami place names have been translated into Norwegian, such as:

Ájluokta-Drag; Gásluokta-Kjøpsvik; Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino; Divttasvuodna-Tysfjord, etc.

In Norway place names have officially a Sami and a Norwegian name, and the Sami name is used when writing in Sami, while the Norwegian one is used when writing in Norwegian.

As for free translation into English this could mean that we either use the Sami name, since we translate from Sami, or that we use the Norwegian name, since the Norwegian name is also internationally better known.

Which one should it be?

SÁMI - SAMI - SAAMI

(Kristin): I just talked with the employee at the museum at Arran who has the responsibility for the exibitions, Anne Kalstad Mikkelsen. She has checked the spelling of sáme with the Norvegian Sami Parliament. The Sami Parliament has decided that sáme is to be written Sami in English. So the museum has to follow this norm.

So - we should then follow the same norm! (Shouldn't we?)

(Dorothee): Definitely !

gulldalit
gullda	li	t
listen	DUR	INF

subtsasti…
subtsa	sti…
tale	N>V3PLPRES
Vitr

mijáv
mijáv	v
us	1PLACC
PN

gæhttjalibmáj
gæhttja	li	bmá	j
watch/look	DIMFREQ	V>N	ILLSG
N

bahás
bahá	s
evil	ELATSG
N

Documenting Lule Sami

Contents

Annotating Lule Sami - Questions and some answers

Categories and Functions

VERBAL FORMS

more verbal tags...

Supinum

Grammatical Changes

Translation of place names

SÁMI - SAMI - SAAMI

vuolgget
vuolgge	t
go	INF
Vitr

guollit
guolli	t
fish	N>VINF
Vitr

vuorrasij
vuorra	si	j
old		GENPL
N

siegen
siege	n
with	INESSSG
Nspat