These annotations are made by Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu
Link to the database: https://typecraft.org/tc2/ntceditor.html#16
Underneath each example is given a valency/construction description using a code ('Construction Labeling') further explained at Ga Valence Profile.
Polisifonyo ji mi
“I am a policeman”
| pòlísìfóɲò |
| pòlísì | fó | ɲò |
| police | HUM | person |
| N |
vcop-identification_identified-IDENTITY
Kojo heko lɛ eyeko
“Kojo has not believed him.”
| èyékò |
| è | yé | kò |
| 3SG | eat | NEGPFV |
| V |
sv-suAspIDsuAg-v1tr-v1obTh-v2intr-v2suClit-PERCPT
Kofi bolɔ ewo mi
“Kofi shouted at me”
| !bə́lɔ̀ |
| ! | bə́ | lɔ̀ |
| AOR | call | ITER |
| V |
sv_suAspIDsuAg-v1intr-v2tr-v2suClit-v2obTrgt-COMMUNICATION
Gbekɛbii lɛ ekamɔ shi amɛwɔ
“The children have gone to sleep”
| gbekɛbii |
| gbekɛ | bi | i |
| child | offspring | PL |
| N |
| ekamɔ |
| e | ka | mɔ |
| PFV | lie | DISTRIB |
| V |
| amɛwɔ |
| amɛ́ | wɔ |
| 3PLPFV | sleep |
| V |
sv_suAspID-v1tr-v1suAgintent_obLoc-v2intr-v2suClit-v2suTh-
Tɛte miinyɛ eeha bo shika
“Tettey can give you money”
| eeha |
| ee | ha |
| 3SGSBJPROG | give |
| V |
v-intrDECLbare_suIDcompSu-suAg_obThsit-ABILITY
Kojo ahe lɛ eye
“Kojo should believe him.”
sv_suAspIDsuAg-v1tr-v1obTh-v2intr-v2suClit
prt-suIdfd-IDENTIFICATION
Hii lɛ kpatu amɛgbee shi
“The men fell down on purpose”
| amɛgbèé |
| amɛ | gbee |
| 3PLAOR | fall |
| V2 |
sv-suAspIDALLsuAg-v1intr-v2tr-v2suClit-v2obLoc-
v-intr-suAg-MOTION
Eeflɛ
“He was answering back”
| Eeflɛ |
| ee | flɛ |
| 3SGPROG | answer.back |
| V |
v-intr-suAg-COMMUNICATION
v-intr-suTh-PHENOM
Tɛ lɛ wa
“The stone is hard”
v-intr-suTh-PROPTY_ASCR
Shinaa lɛ kã
“The door is open”
v_aor-intr-suTh-STATE
Edi
“it is black, has become black”
v_aor-intr-suTh-PROPTY_ESTABD
Nu lɛ egbi
“The water has dried up”
v_perf-intr-suAff-ENDSTATE
Nuu lɛ egbɛ
“The man is confused”
v_perf-intr-suExp-PSYCHSTATE
Ehiŋmɛi tsu
“He got angry”
| Ehiŋmɛi |
| e | hiŋmɛi |
| 3SGPOSS | eye |
| N |
v_aor-intr-suPossp_suBPspec-suTh-EMOTION
v-intr-suPostp-suLocus-PROPTY_ASCR
Kakla lɛ naa eba
“The knife is sharp”
v_perf-intr-suPostp_suUnif-suLocus-PROPTY_ESTABD
Minyɛɔ míŋmaa mígbɛi
“I can write my name”
| Minyɛɔ |
| mi | nyɛ | ɔ |
| 1SG | able | HAB |
| V |
| míŋmaa |
| mí | ŋma | a |
| 1SG | write | HAB |
| V |
| mígbɛi |
| mí | gbɛi |
| 1SGPOSS | name |
| N |
v-intrComp-compDECLbare_suIDcompSu-suAg_obThsit-ABILITY
Yoo lɛ etee ní eyahe wolo lɛ
“The woman has gone to buy the book”
| eyahe |
| é | yá | he |
| 3SGSBJV | EGRSBJV | buy |
| V |
v-intrComp-compIRRcmp_suIDcompSu-suAg-MOTION_DIR
Ehia akɛ amɛfee
“It is necessary that they do (it).”
| Ehia |
| e | -̀ | hia |
| it3SGEXPLET | AOR | need |
| V |
| amɛfee |
| amɛ | -̀ | fee |
| they3PL | AOR | do |
| V |
v-intrImpersComp-suExpl_compDECLcmp-NEED
Maŋo lɛ etsu hɛluu
“The mango is ripe, red”
v_perf-intrScpr-scResIncrm_scAdj-suTh-PROPTY_ESTABD
Efeɔ dioo
“He became quiet-mannered”
v-intrScpr-scAdj-suAg-PROPTY_DYN
v-intrScpr-scAdj-suLocus-PROPTY
Efee diŋŋ
“He became quiet”
v-intrScpr-scAdv-suAg-PROPTY
Koo lɛ mli ejɔ tiŋkoŋŋ
“The forest is dead quiet”
| tiŋkoŋŋ |
| tiŋkoŋŋ |
| silent |
| ADJ |
v_perf-intrScpr-suPostp_scResIncrm_scAdj-suLocus-PROPTY_ESTABD
Eda fe mi
“He is bigger than me”
v-intrVid-suTh_vidObTrgt-COMPARISON_COMPARATIVE
Etale tsuɔ tamɔ la
“Her dress is as red as blood”
| Etale |
| e | tale |
| 3SGPOSS | dress |
| N |
v-intrVid-suTh_vidObTrgt-COMPARISON_EQUATIVE
Atade lɛ fee papii yɛ ehe
“The dress is tight on her”
v-intrScprVid-scAdj_vidObPostp-suTh_vidObLoc-PROPTY
Kofi fɔ bɔɔlu lɛ
“Kofi threw the ball”
v-tr-suAg_obMover-EJECTION
Amɛda shi
“They stood, posed”
| Amɛda |
| amɛ | -̀ | da |
| 3PL | AOR | stand |
| V |
v-tr-suAg_obLoc-MAINTAINPOSITION
Eba nii
“She begged for things”
v-tr-suAg_obTh-ASKING
Wonu lɛ ŋɔɔ mi
“The soup tastes good to me”
v-tr-suEff_obExp-EXPER
Fɛi miiye lɛ
“He is cold”
v_prog-tr-suEff_obIncraff-EXPE
Eyɛ hewalɛ
“She is healthy”
v-tr-suPoss_obThAbst-PROPTY
Sane lɛ yɛ mli
“The story is true”
v-tr-suPossAbst_obLoc-PROPTY
Mina wolo lɛ
“I saw the book”
v-tr-suSens_obPercpt-PERCPT
Kofi miiye etsui
“Kofi is worried”
| etsui |
| e | tsui |
| 3SGPOSS | heart |
| N |
v-tr-suIDobSpec_obPossp_obBPspec-suAg_obAff-PSYCHSTATE
Kofi ba shi
“Kofi lost weight”
v-tr-suTh_obLoc-REDUCTION
Ebaabule ehe
“She will purify herself”
| Ebaabule |
| e | baa | bule |
| 3SG | INGRFUT | purify |
| V |
v-tr-suIDobSpec_obPostp-suAg_obLoc-WASHING
Amɛbua amɛhe naa
“They assembled”
| Amɛbua |
| amɛ | -̀ | bua |
| 3PL | AOR | assemble |
| V |
v-tr-suIDobSpecSpec_obPostp_obSpecPostp-suAg_obLocus-COLLECT
Míhiɛ di mi
“I am dizzy”
| Míhiɛ |
| mí | hiɛ |
| 1SGPOSS | face |
| N |
v-tr-suPossp_suBPSpec_obIDsuSpec-suLocus_obExp-EXPER
Ehe yɛ fɛo
“He is beautiful”
v-tr-suPostp-suLocus_obThAbst-PROPTY
Enaa ba shi
“It lessened, was reduced”
v-tr-suPostp-suLocus_obEndpt-PROPTY_DYN
Ehe ŋɔɔ lɛ
“He is ticklish”
v-tr-suPostp_obIDsuSpec-suLocus_obExp-EXPER
Ehe ebɔ ŋkanale
“It is rusty”
v-tr-suPostp_obUnif-suLocus_obEndstate-PROPTY_ESTABD
Eyɛ tsui
“She is patient”
v-tr-obBPsu-suPoss_obTh-PROPTY
Ebaa amɛyi
“She protected them”
| Ebaa |
| e | -̀ | baa |
| 3SG | AOR | protect |
| V |
v-tr-obPostp-suAg_obTh-CARETAKING
Tɛtɛ tee yara nɔ
“Tetteh went to the funeral”
v-tr-obPostp-suAgmover_obEndpt-MOTION_DIRECTED
Enu sane lɛ shishi
“She understood the problem”
v-tr-obPostp-suAgsens_obLocus-COGNITION
Eŋɔɔ mínaa
“It pleased me”
| Eŋɔɔ |
| e | -̀ | ŋɔɔ |
| 3SG | AOR | please |
| V |
| mínaa |
| mí | naa |
| 1SGPOSS | edge |
| N |
v-tr-obPostp-suEff_obLocus-EXPER
Enu ohe
“He heard about you”
v-tr-obPostp-suSens_obLocus-PERCPT
v_hab-trLght-obUnif-suAg_obThAbst-PROPTY_GEN
Wɔbo toi
“We listened”
| Wɔbo |
| wɔ | -̀ | bo |
| 1PL | AOR | listen |
| V |
v-tr-obUnif-suAgsens_obLocus-PERCP
Enu kooloo lɛ he fu
“He smelled the animal”
v-tr-obSpecPostp-suSens_obPercpt-PERCPT
Mina akɛ eyɛ jɛmɛ
“I saw that he was there”
v-tr_obDECLcmp-suSens_obPercsit-PERCPT
Masumɔ ní Akwele aye nii
“I want Akwele to eat”
| Masumɔ |
| m | a | sumɔ |
| 1SG | SBJV | like |
| V |
v-tr-obIRRcmp-suAgintent_obThsit-INTENT
Ebɔi amɛbimɔ
“He began to ask them”
| amɛbimɔ |
| amɛ | bi | mɔ |
| 3PLPOSS | ask | NOM |
| N |
v-tr-suIDobSu_obNomvL-suAg_obThsit-INCHOATIVE
Mitsa mikasemɔ nɔ
“I continued my studies”
| Mitsa |
| mi | tsa |
| 1SGAOR | continue |
| V |
| mikasemɔ |
| mi | kase | mɔ |
| 1SGPOSS | learn | NOM |
| N |
v-tr-obPostp_obSpecNomvL-suAg_obLocsit-CONTINUATION
Amɛha Kofi aba
“They allowed Kofi to come”
v-tr-obIRRbare-suAgintent_obThsit-PERMISSION
Obaahi yeli
“You will be eating”
| Obaahi |
| o | baa | hi |
| 2SG | INGRFUT | stay |
| V |
v-tr-obNomvL-suAg_obThsit-CONTINUATION
Efɔɔ kaa akɛ amɛbaa biɛ
“It often happens that they come here”
| Efɔɔ |
| e | fɔ | ɔ |
| 3SG | do.often | HAB |
| V |
| amɛbaa |
| amɛ | ba | a |
| 3PL | come | HAB |
| V |
v_HAB-trImpersComp-suExpl_obNomvL-
Eye loo fe mi
“She ate more fish than me”
v-trVid-suAg_obAffincrem_vidObTrgt-COMPARISON_COMPARATIVE
Wɔbi onaanemɛi ashi yɛ edɛŋ
“We asked him about your friends”
| onaanemɛi |
| o | naanemɛ | i |
| 2SGPOSS | friend | PL |
| N |
| edɛŋ |
| e | dɛ | ŋ |
| 3SGPOSS | hand | LOC |
| N |
v-trVid-obPostp_vidObBPspec-suAg_obTop_vidObLoc-ASKING_ABOUT
Efo mli yɛ eblayeiaŋ
“She has gone through her young-womanhood/puberty”
| eblayeiaŋ |
| e | blaye | i | a | ŋ |
| her3SGPOSS | young.woman | PL | POSS | LOC |
| N |
v-trVid-obPostp_obSpecIDvidObSpec-suAg_obLocus_vidObLoc-EXPER
Ogbee shi yɛ asafo mli lɛ
“You lost your status in the organization”
| Ogbee |
| o | -̀ | gbee |
| you3SG | AOR | fall |
| V |
v-trVid-vidObPostp-suMover_obEndpt_vidObLocus-CHANGE_STATUS
Ehɛle shi yɛ wɔ mli
“She woke up with a start”
| Ehɛle |
| e | -̀ | hɛle |
| she | AOR | realize |
| V |
v-trVid-vidObPostp-suExper_obLoc_vidObStartpt-CONSCIOUSNESS
Amɛbabɔ ade yɛ Ga
“They came to settle permanently in Accra”
| Amɛbabɔ |
| amɛ | ba | -̀ | bɔ |
| they3PL | INGR | AOR | create |
| V |
v-trVid-obUnif-suAg_obTh_vidObLoc-ASSUME_LOCATION
Abu lɛ bem
“He was declared innocent”
v-ditr-suAg_obTrgt_ob2Content-COMMUNICATION
Eha mi shika
“He gave me money”
v-ditr-suAg_iobRec_obTh-TRANSFER
Miida bo shi
“I thank you”
| Miida |
| mi | i | da |
| I1SG | PROG | thank |
| V |
v-ditr-suAg_obTrgt_ob2Loc-COMMUNICATION
Efɔ mi nine
“She waved to me; invited me”
v-ditr-suAg_iobTrgt_obThmover-COMMUNICATION
Nuu lɛ baŋ lɛ klante
“The man slashed him with a cutlass”
v-ditr-suAg_obAff_ob2Instr-CUTTING
Ba ni amɛba nɛɛ
“They definitely came”
Verb focus
Aduawa lɛ ba
“The seed germinated”
v-intr-suTh-PHENOM
Daa lɛ eba ehiɛ
“He is tipsy, drunk”
| ehiɛ |
| è | hĩ́!ɛ̃́ |
| 3SGPOSS | face |
| N |
v-tr-obPostp-suTh_obLoc-STATE
v-ditr-obPostp-suAg_obTh_ob2Loc
Eba ejeŋ jogbaŋŋ
“She behaves well”
| ejeŋ |
| è | jè | ŋ̀ |
| 3SGPOSS | world | LOC |
| N |
| jogbaŋŋ |
| jògbaŋ̀ŋ̀ |
| well |
| ADVm |
v-tr-suIDspecOb-suAg_obLoc
Shikpɔŋ nɛɛ baa abele jogbaŋŋ
| jogbaŋŋ |
| jògbaŋ̀ŋ̀ |
| well |
| ADVm |
v-tr-suEmitter_obTh-EMISSION
Eba shika yɛ midɛ
“She borrowed money from me”
| midɛ |
| mí | !dɛ́ |
| 1SGPOSS | hand |
| N |
v-trVid-vidObBPvidObSpec-suAg_obTh_vidObLocus
Maba otoi fioo
“I will say something to you; Please give me a little attention”
v-tr-obBPobSpec-suAg_obLoc-COMMUNICATION
Gbomɔ kpatuuu kpɔɔɔ
“A person doesn't prosper without effort - no pain no gain”
| Gbòmɔ̀ |
| Gbòmɔ̀ |
| personSBJ |
| CN |
| kpá!túú |
| kpá!tú | ú |
| do | NEGIPFV |
| V |
| kpɔ́ɔ̂ |
| kpɔ́ | ɔ̂ |
| pluck | NEGIPFV |
| V |
sv-suAspIDALLsuAg-v1Intr-v2Intr-EFFORT_ACHVMNT
Wɔnyɛɔ ni wɔba
“We are able to come”
| Wɔnyɛɔ |
| wɔ | nyɛ | ɔ |
| 1PL | able | HAB |
| V |
v-intrComp-compIRRcmp_suIDcompSu-suAgintent-ABILITY
Emii eshɛ ehe
“He is happy”
v-tr-suSpecIDobSpec_suBPspec-suTh_obEndpt-PSYCHSTATE
Miitao eba
“I want him to come”
| Miitao |
| mii | tao |
| 1SGPROG | want |
| V |
v-tr-obIRRbare-suAgintent_obThsit-INTENT
Mina lɛ ni enyiɛ
“I saw him walk”
| enyiɛ |
| e | -̀ | nyiɛ |
| 3SG | AOR | walk |
| V |
v-trExpn-obIDexpnSu_expnDECLcmp-suSens_obTh-PERCPT
Ema wolo lɛ yɛ midɛ
“She borrowed the book from me”
v-trVid-vidObBPspec-suAg_obTh_vidObLoc-ACQUISITION
Nyɔŋmɔ lɛ eba shi
“The rain has let up, reduced”
v-tr-suSource_obEndpt-PHENOM
Enaa ba shi
“It lessened, was reduced”
v-tr-suPostp-suLocus_obEndpt-REDUCTION
Eba nɔ
“She has become very disrespectful”
v-tr-obPostp-suAg_obLocus-
Eba lɛ shi
“She lowered it”
v-ditr-suAg_obTh_ob2Loc-MOTIONDIRECTED
Akɛmiibaa kusum lɛ yi
“The custom is thereby being preserved”
| Akɛmiiba |
| à | kɛ̀ | m̀ | bàà |
| 3P | move | PROG | guard |
| V |
evsuAg-pv1tr-pv1obInstr-vtr-obPostp-obLocus
--Lars Hellan (talk) 20:09, 19 December 2016 (CET)
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