Grammar

VERBAL FINITE FORMS

Imperative

IMP.1 brukes som en direkte ordre. IMP.2 brukes vanligvis om sterkt ønske og forslag, særlig i 1P og 3P (omtrent som konjunktiv i romanske språk) (inf: Arnhild)

VERBAL INFINITE FORMS

Supinum

ANNOTATION

Iŋŋgá: Mån dal biejav mállásav duoldatjit.

“Inggá: I now put the dinner to cook.”

Iŋŋga:

Iŋŋgá:

Inggá:NOMSG

Np

Mån

mån

I1SGNOM

PN

dal

now

ADVtemp

biejav
bieja	v
put	1SGPRES
Vtr

mállásav
mállása	v
dinner	ACCSG
N

duoldatjit
duolda	tji	t
cook	for	INF
V

-tji

How should one annotate the suffix -tji in the above sentence. Kristin suggests to use 'supinum'. I am not so sure that is is right. As far as I know the supinum is one of the infinite forms if LS next to the infinitive, the gerund, the participle forms and others. But is -tji the marker of an infinite form? (Dorothee)

* -tji-t or -tjit

It is possible to look at -t as the infinitive marker and 'supinum' is the -tji- pluss the infinitive marker.

May be it is better to say that 'supinum' is tjit and an infinite marker. (Kristin)

USE

Ex: "Dån la má smidá váttsá-tjit!" - "You are clever at walking!" (Arnhild/Kristin)

DERIVATION ?

Is it possible to say that'supinum a derivation? It is mentioned among the ordavledninger. (Kristin)

DERIVATIONS

Verbal Aspectual derivations

INCHOATIVE

Hyhto sisi manájma ja jus riekta de oaddát galgajma, valla ejma ájn ájgo.

“We went inside the cabin and, if doing right, then we would go to sleep, but we did not yet intend to do that.”

Hyhto

hyhto

cabinGENSG

N

sisi

insideILLSG

Nspat

manájma
maná	j	ma
go	PAST	1PL
Vitr

ja

and

CONJC

jus

if

CONJS

riekta

right

ADVm

de

then

CONJS

oaddát
oaddá	t
sleepINCEP	INF
Vitr

galgajma
galga	j	ma
shall	PAST	1PL
AUX

valla

but

CONJC

ejma
e	j	ma
notNEG	PAST	1PL
Vtr

ájn

yet

ADVtemp

ájgo

intendNEG

PTCP

oaddá-t er inchoative of oade-t - the derivation is seen as a fortification of the consonant cluster and lengthening of the last vowel in the stem.

inchoative verbs express that the doing or the state is starting.

V > N

I think it is NOT enough to annotate V > N, V > V, etc.

We should mark every derivation with what kind of fx N derivation it is. I have written something about it under.

gähttjalibmáj gæhttjat+V+TV+Der1+Der/l+V+Actio+Der2+Der/ibme+N+Sg+Ill

Ja ale mijáv gæhttjalibmáj lájddi, ájnat várjjala mijáv bahás.

“And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil: ”

Ja

ja

and

CONJC

ale

notIMP2SG

mijáv
mijáv	v
us	1PLACC
PN

gæhttjalibmáj
gæhttja	li	bmá	j
watch/look	DIMFREQ	V>N	ILLSG
N

lájddi

leadIMP2SG

Vtr

ájnat

but

CONJS

várjjala

deliverIMP2SG

mijáv

us1PLACC

PN

bahás
bahá	s
evil	ELATSG
N

Hva slags NOMZ - er det interessant? Kalles Actio i den samiske grammatikken.

Avledningen -li- i gæhttja-li-t er SUB-FREQ

We have HANDLERnomen:

Den som utfører handlingen - som kalles ? og forkortes ?.

og HANDLINGsnomen

- Betegner selve handlingen: tjállem - skrivning - som kalles ? og forkortes ?

- Betegner redskap, midlet til å utføre handlingen med: gåjvun - skuffel - som kalles ? og forkortes ?

- Gjenstand for handlingen: gåbtjås - dekke - som kalles ? og forkortes ?

- Resultatet (produktet) av handlingen: tjála - skriv - som heter ? og forkortes ?

- Vær- og føreforhold, eller stedet hvor handlingen skjer: jådådahka - godt føre ; tjuoladahka - sted hvor en har hugget ved - som heter ? og forkortes ?

V > Adj

Dá bale bessin oahppe vehi oahpásmuvvat doarromuseajn Narvijkan ja sáme ásadusáj Jåhkåmåhken åvdås vádtsájin.

“ ”

Dá

dá

theseNOMPL

DEM

bale

timeGENSG

N

bessin
bessi	n
be_allowed	3PLPAST
Vitr

oahppe

pupilNOMPL

N

vehi

little

ADVm

oahpásmuvvat
oahpá	s	muvva	t
		get_to_be	INF
Vtr

doarromuseajn
doarro	musea	jn
warNOMSG	museum	withCOMITSG
N

Narvijkan
Narvijka	n
Narvik	atINESSSG
Np

ja

and

CONJC

sáme

SaamiGENSG

N

ásadusáj
ásadusá	j
arrangemet	medCOMITPL
N

Jåhkåmåhken
Jåhkåmåhke	n
river_bend	atINESSSG
Np

åvdås

before

vádtsájin
vádtsá	jin
leave	3PLPAST
Vitr

oahpásmuvvat: oahpás- is an ADJ ('oahpás-' in compounds, 'oahpes' (ATT) otherwise)

It should be possible to note somewhere that the verb(s) is derived from an ADJ.

There are words thats start out as verbs > is derived into nouns > is again derived into another verb...

Maybe there should be one more level for derivations only? The translation is of no help: while oahpás- is an ADJ in ATT form, known is a V in PERF.PART form. Translation gives us only sketchy semantics. (Kristin)

NEGATIONAL V

Og så må vi ha en POS for Negasjons-verbet: VNEG?

NORVAGISMS

Dá bale bessin oahppe vehi oahpásmuvvat doarromuseajn Narvijkan ja sáme ásadusáj Jåhkåmåhken åvdås vádtsájin.

“ ”

Dá

dá

theseNOMPL

DEM

bale

timeGENSG

N

bessin
bessi	n
be_allowed	3PLPAST
Vitr

oahppe

pupilNOMPL

N

vehi

little

ADVm

oahpásmuvvat
oahpá	s	muvva	t
		get_to_be	INF
Vtr

doarromuseajn
doarro	musea	jn
warNOMSG	museum	withCOMITSG
N

Narvijkan
Narvijka	n
Narvik	atINESSSG
Np

ja

and

CONJC

sáme

SaamiGENSG

N

ásadusáj
ásadusá	j
arrangemet	medCOMITPL
N

Jåhkåmåhken
Jåhkåmåhke	n
river_bend	atINESSSG
Np

åvdås

before

vádtsájin
vádtsá	jin
leave	3PLPAST
Vitr

oahpásmuvvat doarromuseajn - oahpásmuvvat takes ILL, but here is used COMIT.

- muvva-t (with ILL: to become what the word says: get to know (people and concrete things), get customed to, get experience with, get familiar with.

(- tuvva-t (with COMIT): to become what the word says: learn to know). (Kristin)

NOUNS

DEM are nouns, QUANT are also nouns, NUMB are nouns too,

They can all be a free noun.

GERUND

===Gerund I===: while..., at the same time as... something happens at the same time as the doing the predicate verb is expressing.

sån oaddá-j bårå-dijn = he fell asleep while eating

-dijn - used after the last vowel of the week stem of a pair-syllabic verb

                      Ex: jåhte-t -> jåde-dijn (= while moving)

- used after the last vowel of the stem of a contracted verb

                      Ex: tjieggi-t -> tjieggi-dijn (= while travelling)

...(a)-ttjin - used after the last vowel of an unpair-syllabic verb (the last stem vowel changes to '-a')

                      Ex: tjåhkani-t -> tjåhkana-ttjin (= while assembling)

===Gerund II===: someone is doing something or a doing is going on, keeps on, or somethin has started but is not finished. Is used with AUX liehke-t (= to be). Compare: 'He is reading'.

sån la låhkå-min = he is reading

-min - used after the last vowel of the strong stem of a pair-syllabic verb

                      Ex: sån la goarro-min (= she is sewing)

- used after the last vowel of a contract verb:

                      Ex: sån la guolli-min (= she is fishing)

-me - used after the last vowel of an unpair-syllabic verb

                      Ex: sån la malesti-me (= he is cooking)  (examples from Spiik)

PRON.POSS vs. PRON

Áhttje mijá guhti le almen.

“Our Father which art in Heaven,”

Áhttje

áhttje

fatherNOMSG

N

mijá

mij

ourGENPL

PN

guhti

whoNOMSG

PROint

le

is3SGPRES

COP

almen
alme	n
heaven	inINESSSG
N

I would like to use only PRON when it is used Attributive, but PRON.POSS when it is used Predicative. What do you think about that?

Presentational page

Illustrations

Here is a picture from the museum at Árran, from the exibition Viessom: A couple in bout, fishing: [[1]]

- muvva-t (with ILL: to become what the word says: get to know (people and concrete things), get customed to, get experience with, get familiar with.

(- tuvva-t (with COMIT): to become what the word says: learn to know).

Making TypeCraft better

Search for...

Search for Gloss and POS

It should be possible to search for glosses and poses too.

Fx it be possible to search for, PRES, PAST, IMP, etc. and get to see the different paradigms and the words (from the text) in citation form that belonged into the particular paradigms. (Then there should be possible to put one of the words into the paradigm (show this paradigm for ...(word) - and the paradigm would show the word for all the paradigm instances that is used in the text- without muliplying when it is used more than once.)

It should also be possible to search for spatial words or temporal words and then get all Nspt and ADVspt - or all Ntmp and ADVtmp - in separated lists - the Ns together with the word they are tied to. All alphabetically with the citation form

Then it should be possible to search for VI and VT and the citation forms should pop up alphabetically.

Editing...

SAVE

There should be an SAVE icon to push also at the top of the editing window :) [I do not like to have to scroll down to the bottom every time I want to save :( ].

Derivations

Norvagisms

oahpásmuvvat doarromuseajn - oahpásmuvvat takes ILL, but here is used COMIT. (Ájluovta skåvlå buosjes...)

Ájluovta skåvlå buosjes oahppe vas Svierigis vadtsin

Here is the printing-friendly page in the Lokalavisa NordSalten:

http://www.nord-salten.no/nyheter/samisk/ajluovta_skavla_buosjes_oahppe_vas_svierigis_vadtsin#tips

It is possible to put it somewhere.

Notes

I remember there was a place where it was possible to write comments on the grammar in the sentence analysed. There should be such a place. For the sentence above, I would comment the norvagism.

Adjectives

We need gloss tags ATT for attributive form and PRED for predicative form of the adjectives. Some forms are equal in both forms - then perhaps, it is sufficient to mark it only with ADJ pos.

Kristin

last edits

SAAMI PEOPLE

Saami has been spoken on the Scandinavian and Kola Peninsulas in Northwest Europe since prehistoric times. This is not a correct statement. So it has to go.

Linguists currently recognize 9 living Saami languages

"Note that the Sea Saami no longer have an independent language, but have adopted North Saami, Lule Saami or Norwegian."

"no longer have an independent language"? Well, Sea Saami have never "had" an independent language. What does this mean?

Sea Saami is an independent language which today is talked by old people in Kvænangen and Western Finnmark, but by far more people in Eastern Finnmark.

Sea Saami has not a own written language, but this lacs also Pite Saami and Ume Saami.

Concerning the following sentence and the paragraph that contains it in the main text:

"This long history and the fact that they are usually not mutually intelligible makes them different languages, not different dialects as they are often mistakenly described."

it seems that the referent of the demonstrative in the sentence above should be 'Saami languages', but that did not come out well I think. Yet. it would be nice to get an answer to the question, why LS is called a language rather than a dialect of Saami! Another thing is that I guess nobody would really claim that Estonian, Finish and Saami are the same language. So one probably does not have to assert that! It also seems to me that the next statement does not really follow. But if in fact it is true that Saami is an older language than the Germanic and the Romance language then there should be a reference to a known scholar claiming that!!

BTW, is it true that the Romance language family is half as old as the Germanic, does not quite sound right? We definitely need references if we want to leave this sentence in the text. I would simply opt for omitting it. It is not central to our concern.

Dorothee

I do not know of any knowledge that says Saami is 'older' than other languages. This way of thinking about languages is absurd! - Languages change all the time, and at one point they have been through so many quantitative changes (many small changes) that it experiences a change in quality. In Norwegian there were quantitative changes after the Great Plauge which resulted in a quantitative change around 1550: New Norwegian was a fact (the name in opposition to Old Norwegian - or Norse).

If we go thousand years back, the Saami languages (or dialect groups) were more near (similiar) than today. I suppose Pekka Sammallahti is one that knows a lot about this. In his book "The Saami Languages" he writes also about diacrony.

If we compare today's Saami languages with Norwegian and the languages N. is related too, the older all-Sami language (do not remember what it is called just now) may be compared with Germanic. I can look up when mayor changes have taken place in the history of the Saami languages, - but this will still not 'prove' anything in a discussion of 'how old' Saami languages are. It tells only of when linguists will consider a change to be a change of quality.

So may be we quit talking about 'old' languages...

Dialects vs. languages:

There are dialects that are more different from each other than the Saami languages. There are languages that are 'identical' - just with minor differences.

I (when I talk about it!) explain Saami to have three main language groups: Eastern Saami Languages group, Central Saami Languages group, and Southern Saami Languages group. Sea Saami, Inari Saami, North Saami, Lule Saami and Pite Saami belongs to the Central Saami Languages group. The Central Saami Languages group have quantity change in common. There are 10 different tounges of Saami - and each of them can be divided in dialectal groups (see Sammallahti). Differrent language groups is one factor that counts for conidering South Saami and East (Skolt) Saami as different 'languages' than the languages belonging in the Central Saami Languages group.

These Saami languages are written with different orthography: Latin and cyrillic - and several different solutions at least for the latin alphabets. So in Norway East Saami, North Saami, Lule Saami and South Saami are all written with different alphabet (Pite Saami and Ume Saami I do not know about in modern written form). This situation makes communication between the different Saami groups difficult. This is a second factor that makes these languages considered 'languages' and not dialects.

Neighbouring Saami dialects are not so different that it is a hindrance for mutual understanding, but the dialects are gradually decreasing in mutual intelligibility. Samis have 80% of their vocabulary in common, but the semantics of the words can differ substantially; then comes differences in syntax, morphology and phonology. Samis talk their own language inside their own group, outside the group the majority language is usually used. Lack of mutual intelligibility is a third factor.

Kristin

previous discussion

Hi Kristin and Svenn Egil,

This will be our project page!!! (click back to article)

It's purpose is ofc to report on the annotation of Lule Saami texts that we do, but written up in a way that it is interesting to all ppl interested in languages or Lule Saami or both.

NOT JUST LINGUISTS

We should make sure that this becomes a page that has information that cannot be found on the Wikipedia or any other well known web information source.

Moreover, it should be interesting and beautiful information - so not too much text; instead some text made attractive by pictures, music files, cool links, and also with a internal link to your personal page in this TC wiki so that ppl can see who the ppl are that annotate Lule Saami... and so forth.

Here now some links and text snippets that I found interesting in this connection:

http://boreale.konto.itv.se/laante.htm http://boreale.konto.itv.se/samieng1.htm

Bluegreen: LuleSami. Mountain and ForestSami culture in Norway and Sweden, many famous handicrafters and chanters from this group, language is locally quite strong. Separate educational institutions with several textbooks in the language, but not for all subjects teached. A small number of books are published each year in this language. Traditional and present day cultural center: Jokkmokk, Sweden.

Kristin: We cannot use information that tells us that Lule Sami culture is a mountain and Forest Sami Culture in Norway! This concerns only Samis on the Swedish side of the border.

On the Norwegian side of the border we find a Costal Sami culture - that differs from Costal Sami Culture further north!

I can write shortly about this.

Webmasters note:

As a curiosity I'd like to mention that there's one Sami word that has made it into several of the major languages of this world, that word is Tundra -doesn't it speak volumes about which part of the world this is. :)

When Nils-Aslak Valkeapää in his book The Sun—my Father (1991), chooses to create a metaphorical poem of a migrating herd of reindeer and uses [in his poem] some of the wealth of names that exist in Sami to describe the reindeer’s appearance, age and sex, he does so not only to demonstrate the wealth of terminology within the Sami language—he does something beyond that: He plays with the language, conjuring up concepts that have never been used before in that fashion. He conceives, in a sense, new fictional animals by combining familiar words in new ways. And he creates different reindeer which, in terms of their being a part of the herd or outside of it, can easily be viewed as parallels to the artist and his or her position in society, as well as to all human beings in their common experiences of being part of a "flock" or alone.

To this wealth of words can be added a great number of Sami onomatopoetical expressions for sounds pertaining to migration, words for working the herd, for the baying of dogs,and the sounds of a thousand hoofs on frozen ground, for undulating moors over which reindeer horns move, for the sound of bells that, like a blanket of clouds, lift the sky up and give the basis for life in these northern regions. And, as if that isn’t enough, there are allusions to the Sami national anthem, and tracks left behind by the herd, both concrete tracks where it has walked and abstract tracks for us, the readers, to follow back into history. Whether we journey with the herd or only pass by it as we wander, it is impossible for us to survive into the future without the tracks, without nature: The River of Life, the daughter of spring, sap, the mosquito maidens and "the sun/red and warm/moved happiness/ into the morning." Because "nothing remains of us/but a yoik in the singing wind/a dream about being." But even so: "and time does not exist, no end, none/and time is, eternal, always, is," and we are all part of "the life’s circle/infinite/without/beginning/or end/fulfills/changes/colors"…"the horizon’s red dawn/ the starry peaks."

taken from: http://weberstudies.weber.edu/archive/archive%20C%20Vol.%2016.2-18.1/Vol.%2016.2/haraldgaski.html

At the beginning it might be confusing to edit this wiki, but I can tell you that one learns it rather fast :=) I used the following link to get the information I needed:

http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Editing

Documenting Lule Sami

Contents

Grammar

VERBAL FINITE FORMS

Imperative

VERBAL INFINITE FORMS

Supinum

ANNOTATION

-tji

* -tji-t or -tjit

USE

DERIVATION ?

DERIVATIONS

Verbal Aspectual derivations

INCHOATIVE

V > N

V > Adj

NEGATIONAL V

NORVAGISMS

NOUNS

GERUND

PRON.POSS vs. PRON

Presentational page

Illustrations

Making TypeCraft better

Search for...

Search for Gloss and POS

Editing...

SAVE

Derivations

Norvagisms

Ájluovta skåvlå buosjes oahppe vas Svierigis vadtsin

Notes

Adjectives

last edits

previous discussion

Headline text