TypeCraft's public Luganda corpus contains at the point of writing this page (23.04.2016) 94 sentence where at least one verb is glosses as having an applicative extension. In addition the corpus contains 31 nouns which have an applicative extension.
For a random selection of 29 of these 94 sentence we will now look at the following parameters
- Which thematic role does the applicativized argument (AA) express?
- To which grammatical category do expressed AAs belong (PN, N, PP)
- If the AA is expressed as a free form, does the verb also carry an argument index?
- If the the AA is topicalized, does the verb carry an argument index?
In addition we will mark the cases of applicativization where the AA only expressed as an argument index?
(1) VERB: tunuul 'look, see' AA: ye, Thematic Role: Stimuli, Category: PN, 3SG Argument index: "ki" seems to be an object marker Status: unclear
Kale n’okitunuulira, ye mukadde, ye mubi.
“So you look at him/her, s/he is old and at the same time ugly.”
n’okitunuulira |
ne | o | ki | tunuul | ir | a |
andCONJ | 2SG | AUG7AGR | look/seeVstem | APPL | FV |
V |
mukadde |
mu | kadde |
1AGR | old-person |
ADJ |
mubi |
mu | bi |
1AGR | ugly/bad |
ADJ |
(2) VERB: "bring", AA: 3SG, Thematic Role: Beneficiary, CategoryAA not lexicalised independently, Argument index:+
Mumuleetedde ssente mmeka?
“How much money have you brought for him/her?”
Mumuleetedde |
mu | mu | leet | er | dde |
2PLSBJ | 3PSGOBJ | bring | APPL | PFV |
V |
(3)VERB:"nyw", 'consume', AA -, Thematic Role: Location, Category: AA not lexicalised independently, Argument index: Locative endclitic on the verb
Agavubuka gabadde ganywerawo enjaga.
“The youths have been smoking marijuana from there.”
Agavubuka |
a | ga | vubuka |
IV | AUG22AGR | youth |
CN |
gabadde |
ga | b | a | dde |
REL22 | be | FV | PFV |
COP |
ganywerawo |
ga | nyw | er | a | wo |
REL22 | drinkVstem | APPL | FV | LOCREL16 |
V |
enjaga |
e | n | jaga |
IV | 9AGR | marijuana |
CN |
(4) VERB: "kol" 'do', AA: proper name, Thematic Role:Beneficiary, Category: Np , Argument index: -
Azze akolera Bebe Cool obubaga.
“She has been organizing parties for Bebe Cool.”
Azze |
a | z | ze |
3SG | comeVstem | PFV |
V |
akolera |
a | kol | er | a |
3SG | doVstemREP | APPL | FV |
V |
Bebe |
Bebe |
name-of-a-person |
Np |
Cool |
Cool |
name-of-a-person |
Np |
obubaga |
o | bu | baga |
IV | DIM14AGR | wedding/party |
CN |
(5)VERB: tunuul 'look, see' AA: akazimbe kaganyegenya 'unfavourable hounse, Thematic Role: Stimuli, Category: CN Argument index: -
Tunuulira akazimbe kaganyegenya ke bayita poliisi y’eggwanga eddamba!
“Look at the unfavourable house that they call the police for the whole country!”
Tunuulira |
tunuul | ir | a |
look/seeVstem | APPL | FV |
V |
akazimbe |
a | ka | zimb | e |
IV | DIM12AGR | build | NMLZ |
CN |
kaganyegenya |
ka | ganyegenya |
DIM12AGR | unfavourable |
ADJ |
bayita |
ba | yit | a |
3PL | callVstem | FV |
V |
y’eggwanga |
y’ | e | gg | wanga |
forGEN9AGR | IV | 5AGR | country |
CN |
eddamba |
e | d | damba |
IV | 5AGR | whole |
ADJ |
(6)VERB: som, 'talk,read', AA: 1SG, Thematic Role: Malficiary, Category:AA not lexicalised independently, Argument index: +
Olaba ne kitabani kya gundi kyansomera luli.
“You see even the other guy’s son talked bad about me the other time.”
Olaba |
o | lab | a |
2SG | seeVstem | FV |
V |
kitabani |
ki | tabani |
AUG7AGR | son |
CN |
kyansomera |
ky | a | n | som | er | a |
7AGR | PAST | 1SG | readVstem | APPL | FV |
V |
luli |
lu | li |
11AGR | last-time |
ADVtemp |
(7)VERB:suul 'throw', AA: ________, Thematic Role: ________, Category_______, Argument index_________
Ekasuulira omusajja atudde mu ntebe.
“It throws it to the man who is sitted in the chair.”
Ekasuulira |
e | ka | suul | ir | a |
SBJ9AGR | OMDIM12AGR | throw | APPL | FV |
V |
omusajja |
o | mu | sajja |
IV | 1AGR | man |
CN |
(8)
Akawuka kongera okukaabira waggulu.
“The insect continues crying from up.”
Akawuka |
a | ka | wuka |
IV | DIM12AGR | insectANIM |
CN |
kongera |
k | onger | a |
DIM12AGR | continue | FV |
AUX |
okukaabira |
o | ku | kaab | ir | a |
IV | INF | cry | APPL | FV |
V |
waggulu |
waggulu |
above/upLOC |
ADVplc |
(9)
Ebintu by'ebuukirako bigwa.
“The things it jumps on fall down.”
Ebintu |
e | bi | ntu |
IV | 8AGR | thing |
CN |
by'ebuukirako |
by' | e | buuk | ir | a | ko |
8OM | SBJ9AGR | jump | APPL | FV | REL17LOC |
V |
(10)
Akawuka kakaabira mu nju.
“The insect cries from the house.”
Akawuka |
a | ka | wuka |
IV | DIM12AGR | insect |
CN |
kakaabira |
ka | kaab | ir | a |
SBJDIM12AGR | cry | APPL | FV |
V |
(11)
Ebuukabuuka naye nga buli kantu k'egezaako okubuukirako ekakoona ne kagwa wansi.
“It jumps and jumps but knocks down everthing it tries to jump on.”
Ebuukabuuka |
e | buuk | a | buuk | a |
SBJ9AGR | jump | FV | jumpREDP | FV |
V |
kantu |
ka | ntu |
DIM12AGR | thing |
CN |
k'egezaako |
k' | e | gezaako |
REL12OBJ | SBJ9AGR | try |
AUX |
okubuukirako |
o | ku | buuk | ir | a | ko |
IV | INF | jump | APPL | FV | REL17LOC |
V |
ekakoona |
e | ka | koon | a |
SBJ9AGR | OMDIM12AGR | knock | FV |
V |
kagwa |
ka | gwa |
SBJDIM12AGR | fall |
V |
wansi |
wansi |
downLOC |
ADVplc |
(12)
Kkapa emutunuulira n'emutunuulira.
“The cat looks and looks at him/her.”
emutunuulira |
e | mu | tunuul | ir | a |
SBJ9AGR | 1OM | look | APPL | FV |
V |
n'emutunuulira |
n' | e | mu | tunuul | ir | a |
and | SBJ9AGR | 1OM | look | APPL | FV |
V |
(13)
Ekatunuulira, n'ekatunuulira mu 'angles' zonna.
“It looks and looks at it in all angles.”
Ekatunuulira |
e | ka | tunuul | ir | a |
SBJ9AGR | OMDIM12SG | look | APPL | FV |
V |
n'ekatunuulira |
n' | e | ka | tunuul | ir | a |
andCONJ | SBJ9AGR | OM9AGR | look | APPL | FV |
V |
(14)
Oluvannyuma etunuulira omusajja.
“Afterwards it looks at the man.”
Oluvannyuma |
oluvannyuma |
afterwards |
ADVm |
etunuulira |
e | tunuul | ir | a |
SBJ9AGR | look | APPL | FV |
V |
omusajja |
o | mu | sajja |
IV | 1AGR | man |
CN |
(15)
Kkapa ewulira ekiwuka nga kizannyira mu nju.
“The cat hears the insect playing from the house.”
ewulira |
e | wulir | a |
SBJ9AGR | hear | FV |
V |
ekiwuka |
e | ki | wuka |
IV | 7AGR | insect |
CN |
kizannyira |
ki | zanny | ir | a |
7AGR | play | APPL | FV |
V |
(16)
Wali owuliddeyo omusajja afiira mu leeba?
“Have you ever heard of a man who dies in labour?”
owuliddeyo |
o | wuli | dde | yo |
2SG | hear | PFV | LOC |
V |
Omusajja |
o | mu | sajja |
IV | 1SG | man |
CN |
afiira |
a | f | iir | a |
3SG | die | APPL | FV |
V |
(17)
Akawuka kongera okukaabira mu nju.
“The insect continues to cry from the house.”
Akawuka |
a | ka | wuka |
IV | DIM12AGR | insect |
CN |
kongera |
k | onger | a |
DIM12AGR | continue | FV |
V |
okukaabira |
o | ku | kaab | ir | a |
IV | INF | cry | APPL | FV |
V |
(18)
Ebuukabuuka naye nga buli kantu k'egezaako okubuukirako ekakoona ne kagwa wansi.
“It jumps repeatedly but whatever thing it tries to jump from, it knocks it (the thing) and it (the thing) falls down.”
Ebuukabuuka |
e | buuk | a | buuk | a |
SBJ9AGR | jump | FV | jumpREDP | FV |
V |
kantu |
ka | ntu |
DIM12AGR | thing |
CN |
k'egezaako |
k' | e | gezaako |
PARTREL | SBJ9AGR | try |
V |
okubuukirako |
o | ku | buuk | ir | a | ko |
IV | INF | jump | APPL | FV | RELLOC17 |
V |
ekakoona |
e | ka | koon | a |
SBJ9AGR | DIM12SG | knock | FV |
V |
kagwa |
ka | gwa |
DIM12AGR | fall |
V |
(19)
Kkapa esooka n'ewulira ekiwuka nga kizannyira mu nju.
“The cat first hears the insect playing from the house”
esooka |
e | sook | a |
SBJ9AGR | do-something-before-the-other | FV |
V |
n'ewulira |
n' | e | wulir | a |
andCONJ | SBJ9AGR | hear | FV |
V |
ekiwuka |
e | ki | wuka |
IV | 7AGR | an-insect |
CN |
kizannyira |
ki | zanny | ir | a |
7AGR | play | APPL | FV |
V |
(20)
Kkapa emutunuulira n'emutunuulira nga bw'ekozesa obubonero okumubuuza.
“The cat looks and looks at him as it uses signs to ask him.”
emutunuulira |
e | mu | tunuul | ir | a |
SBJ9AGR | REL3SG | look | APPL | FV |
V |
n'emutunuulira |
n' | e | mu | tunuul | ir | a |
and | SBJ9AGR | REL3SG | look | APPL | FV |
V |
bw'ekozesa |
bw' | e | koz | es | a |
CONJ | SBJ9AGR | do | CAUS | FV |
V |
obubonero |
o | bu | bonero |
IV | DIM14AGR | sign/symbol |
CN |
okumubuuza |
o | ku | mu | buuz | a |
IV | INF | REL3SG | ask | FV |
V |
(21)
Ekwata akawuka n'emimwa gyayo n'ekasuulira omusajja eyali atudde mu ntebe.
“It catches the cat with its mouth and it throws it to the man who was sitting in the chair, and it knocks him while asking him to tell it; "what is this?"”
Ekwata |
e | kwat | a |
SBJ9AGR | catch | FV |
V |
akawuka |
a | ka | wuka |
IV | DIM12AGR | insect |
CN |
n'emimwa |
n' | e | mi | mwa |
andCONJ | SBJ9AGR | 4AGR | mouth |
CN |
gyayo |
gya | yo |
forGEN4AGR | REL9SBJ |
TRUNC |
n'ekasuulira |
n' | e | ka | suul | ir | a |
andCONJ | SBJ9AGR | DIM12AGR | throw | APPL | FV |
V |
omusajja |
o | mu | sajja |
IV | 1AGR | man |
CN |
eyali |
e | y | a | li |
IVREL1OBJ | REL3SG | PAST | be |
COP |
(22)
Ebintu by'ebuukirako ne bigwa akawuka ne kongera okukaabira waggulu.
“The things it jumps from fall down and the insect continues crying from above.”
Ebintu |
e | bi | ntu |
IV | 8AGR | thing |
CN |
by'ebuukirako |
by' | e | buuk | ir | a | ko |
REL8 | SBJ9AGR | jump | APPL | FV | RELLOC17 |
V |
akawuka |
a | ka | wuka |
IV | DIM12AGR | insect |
CN |
kongera |
k | onger | a |
DIM12AGR | continue | FV |
V |
okukaabira |
o | ku | kaab | ir | a |
IV | INF | cry | APPL | FV |
V |
waggulu |
waggulu |
above |
ADVplc |
(23)
Ekatunuulira, n'ekatunuulira mu 'angles' zonna, n'ebuuka okukakwata.
“ It looks and looks at it in all angles and it jumps to catch it.”
Ekatunuulira |
e | ka | tunuul | ir | a |
SBJ9AGR | DIM12AGR | look | APPL | FV |
V |
n'ekatunuulira |
n' | e | ka | tunuul | ir | a |
andCONJ | SBJ9AGR | SBJ9AGR | look | APPL | FV |
V |
zonna |
zo | nna |
SBJ10AGR | all |
QUANT |
n'ebuuka |
n' | e | buuk | a |
andCONJ | SBJ9AGR | jump | FV |
V |
okukakwata |
o | ku | ka | kwat | a |
IV | INF | DIM12AGR | catch | FV |
V |
(24)
Oluvannyuma etunuulira omusajja nga yeebuuza lwaki tali mu kugifaako.
“Afterwards it looks at the man as it asks itself why he (the man) is not attending to it.”
oluvannyuma |
oluvannyuma |
afterwards |
ADVm |
etunuulira |
e | tunuul | ir | a |
SBJ9AGR | look | APPL | FV |
V |
omusajja |
o | mu | sajja |
IV | 1AGR | man |
CN |
yeebuuza |
y | ee | buuz | a |
REL3SG | REFL | ask | FV |
V |
kugifaako |
ku | gi | faako |
INF | SBJ9AGR | care-about |
V |
(25)
Buli kasente ke baweereza okubaako kye mubakolera kafuuka k’abo be baaleka emabega.
“Every money that they send for you to do something for them is taken by those whom they left back.”
kasente |
ka | sente |
DIM12AGR | money |
CN |
baweereza |
ba | weerez | a |
3PL | sendVstem | FV |
V |
okubaako |
o | ku | baa | ko |
| INF | be | LOC |
COP |
mubakolera |
mu | ba | kol | er | a |
2PL | 3PL | doVstem | APPL | FV |
V |
kafuuka |
ka | fuuk | a |
DIM12AGR | turnVstem | FV |
V |
k’abo |
k’ | abo |
forREL12 | thoseDISTREL2 |
PRTposs |
baaleka |
ba | a | lek | a |
3PL | PAST | leaveVstem | FV |
V |
emabega |
e | mabega |
IV | behind |
ADVplc |
(26)
Ani abazaala mmwe embwa ze beebakako ne babakasukira obusente obutawera na ddoola emu?
“Who gives birth to you dogs which they sleep on and they throw to you money which doesn’t even sum up to one dollar?”
abazaala |
a | ba | zaal | a |
3SG | 3PL | give-birthVstem | FV |
V |
embwa |
e | m | bwa |
IV | 9AGR | dogANIM |
CN |
beebakako |
be | ebak | a | ko |
3PL | sleepVstem | FV | LOC |
V |
babakasukira |
ba | ba | kasuk | ir | a |
3PL | 2PL | throwVstem | APPL | FV |
V |
obusente |
o | bu | sente |
IV | DIM14AGR | money |
CN |
obutawera |
o | bu | ta | wer | a |
IV | 14AGR | NEG | sum-up-to | FV |
ADJ |
(27)
Phrase>33474</Phrase>
(28)
GuGgolola gwagejjera bwereere tegulina maanyi, akasajja akatono kakukuba katya?
“Ggolola fattened for nothing he doesn't have power, how can a tiny man beat you?”
gwagejjera |
gw | a | gejj | er | a |
20AGR | PAST | fattenVstem | APPL | FV |
V |
bwereere |
bwereere |
nothing |
N |
tegulina |
te | gu | lina |
NEG | 20AGR | haveVstem |
V |
maanyi |
maanyi |
power/energy |
CN |
akasajja |
a | ka | sajja |
IV | DIM12AGR | man |
CN |
akatono |
a | ka | tono |
IV | DIM12AGR | small |
ADJ |
kakukuba |
ka | ku | kub | a |
DIM12AGR | REL2SG | beatVstem | FV |
V |
katya? |
ka | tya? |
DIM12AGR | howQ |
ADV |
(29)
Kyokka bwe byatandise akasajja ne kamufuukira ekyambika ne kamukuba n’atya.
“But when they started the man became a problem to him/her and he beat him/her and feared.”
byatandise |
by | a | tandis | e |
8AGR | PAST | startVstem | IND |
V |
akasajja |
a | ka | sajja |
IV | DIM12AGR | man |
CN |
kamufuukira |
ka | mu | fuuk | ir | a |
DIM12AGR | REL3SG | turnVstem | APPL | FV |
V |
ekyambika |
e | kyambika |
IV | problem/threat |
CN |
kamukuba |
ka | mu | kub | a |
DIM12AGR | REL3SG | beatVstem | FV |
V |
n’atya |
n’ | a | ty | a |
andCONJ | 3SG | fearVstem | FV |
V |
Olaba ne kitabani kya gundi kyansomera luli.
“You see even (also) the other guy’s son talked bad about me the other time.”
kitabani |
ki | tabani |
7AGR | sonANIMMASC |
CN |
kyansomera |
ky | a | n | som | er | a |
7AGR | PAST | 1SG | read | APPL | FV |
V |
luli |
luli |
the-other-time |
ADVtemp |