Classroom:NTNU, LING1113 (2009) - Motion and Space
Contents
Definitions
First of we will define a number of notions of or related to space, deixis and motion. These notions will later on be used in trying to determine the exact semantical content of a set of norwegian (and danish) prepositions.
Spatial concepts
Spatial concepts are in essence relations between two or more instances. Whenever you make a statment about the location of an object, you state the location relative to another object. While you can claim that an object is inside another object, you cannot claim that it is inside, but not of another object.
The object whose location you make a statement about is called the located object, while the other object, which you compare the location of the located object with, is called the reference object.
Locations
Topological locations
-The located object is in contact with the reference object.
Interiority:
-The located object is included or contained in the reference object.
-The located object is external to the reference object.
Projective locations
Inferiority:
-The located object is located in the area below the reference object, where below is defined in terms of the observer's point of view, or as defined by the reference object itself.
Anteriority:
-The located object is located in front of the reference object. Over is defined in terms of the observer's point of view, or as defined by the reference object itself.
Superiority:
-The located object is located over the reference object. Behind is defined in terms of the observer's point of view, or as defined by the reference object itself.
Posteriority:
-The located object behind of the reference object. In front of is defined in terms of the observer's point of view, or as defined by the reference object itself.
Laterality:
-The located object is located beside the reference object. Beside is defined in terms of the observer's point of view, or as defined by the reference object itself.
Deixis
Deixis is the way an expression is anchored to some essential point in context.
Reference point
-The reference point is the location that the location of the located object is defined as relative to.
Remoteness
-Remoteness is defined as the relative distance between the reference point and the located object. Languages may encode any number of degrees of remoteness.
Direction
-There are two directions: movement away from the reference point, and movement towards the reference point.
Events
Motion
Dynamic movement through space. Motion entails the displacement of some entity, or conceptually relevant positional change.
Theme
- The entity that is displaced
Source
- The ground which is the origin of the theme's motion
Goal
- The ground which is the destination of the theme's motion
Location
- The fixed ground (or surroundings) of the motion event
- Path
- The trajectory of the theme. To analyse the possible paths of motion in any language, one must look at the relative contributions of the three factors of the paths.
Figure
- The figure gives little help to determining the path. The semantic properties of the figure often fail to contribute to the selection of paths.
Ground
- Ground, however has more to say for the semantic restrictions on choice of description for the path.
Trajectory
- The features of the trajectory itself also often carry significance for how we choose to describe path.
Conveyance
- How motion events are carried out. The basic distinction is between vehicular and non-vehicular transport.
Manner
- How motion events are in terms of speed and intensity.
Cause
- The relationship between a movement and what causes the movement
Prepositions
bak
'Bak' indicates that the located object has a relationship of posteriority to the reference object.
blant
'Blant' indicates that the located object has a relationship of laterality to more than two reference objects, which do not coincide
fra
Fra is a deictic relation of the located objects movement away from the reference object
gjennom
This is a very complex preposition, as it actually denotes a path of three states:
(- The located object has a path towards the reference object)
- The located object has a relationship of interiority to the reference object, and is in motion
(- The located object has a path away from the reference object)
The first and third stage is not obligatory, but are implicated, because this movement is expected to be intended by the located object even if it is not actually part of the movement described
hos
The located object has a close proximity to the reference object, yet always exterior to it, and never coinciding
i
'i' indicates that the located object has a relationship of interiority to the reference object, but this can be both a total or a partial interiority.
innenfor
The located object has a relationship of interiority to the reference object, which is an enclosed space. 'Innenfor' does not have any other locational meanings.
inntil
The located object is coinciding with the reference object, and has a relationship of laterality to it
mellom
The located object has a relationship of laterality to two reference points, who do not have a relationship of laterality to each other
mot
1. 'Mot' indicates that the located object has a relationship of coincidence to the reference object. That is if the located object rests against the reference object.
2. It may also indicate that the located object is moving towards the reference object.
omkring
The reference object has a relationship of interiority to the located object
ovenfor
The preposition ovenfor is used to indicate that the relation between the located object and the reference object is one of superiority, but not of coincidence.
In simpler terms: Object1 is ovenfor another object if it is located over that object - that is higher than it and in the space above it - but not if Object1 is touching the other object.
overfor
The located object and reference object are anterior to each other
på
'På' in its most common form, though the matter is far more complicated than this, indicates that the located object has a relationship of superiority to the reference object, as well as coinciding with it.
rundt
The reference object has a relationship of interiority to the located object.
til
The located object is not close to the reference object, but moves towards it.
under
'Under' indicates that the located object has a relationship of inferiority to the reference object.
in some contexts 'under' indicates that some event takes place during another. In Selbygg these two uses are represented by different prepositions.
Motion Verbs
In this wiki we define Motion Verbs as the verbs - apearing alone or in a complex - as verbs denoting movement. This might be movement from A to B, that is locomotion, or it might be movement inside the same scene, that is single motion. As mentioned above, some motion verbs might be part of a complex and thus denoting the movement in cooperation with a preposition. In Norwegian it is often so that is you have a motion verb with a prepositon, the complex is denotiong locomotion. If you have a motion verb without a preposition, the verb can denote either locomotion or single motion; that si to say, it is not specified whether single motion or locomotion is denoted, and the context has to help us deciding the location(s) of the movement.
Gå
"Gå" encodes motion by the use of feet in a normal manner.
springe/løpe
The synonymous motion verbs "springe" and "løpe" encode motion by the use of feet, in a manner of high speed.
dra/fare
"Dra" and "Fare" area synonymous motion verbs that encode motion of the theme away from the source.
komme
"Komme" is a motion verb which encodes motion of the theme towards the goal.
svømme
"Svømme" encodes motion through a liquid ground.
fly
1. [...] 2. [...]
kjøre
"Kjøre" encodes motion with vehicular conveyance.
sykle
"Sykle" encodes motion by use of bicycle.
Idear til fleire rørsleverb:
Kanskje: Stikke, rømme, klatre, falle, stige