GaVal
GaVal is a valence resource for Ga, the language spoken in the Accra area of Ghana, based on resources originally developed by the late Prof. Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu. Among the structures of GaVal is a Form-Content Matrix for Valence, the Content part of which is constituted by specifications for Situation Type and Semantic Role, while the Form part consists of specifications for morpho-syntactic aspects of the Valence Frame. Shown below are Form-Content matrices relative to the Situation Types MOTIONDIRECTED and EXPERIENCE. For each matrix, on each line is displayed a lexical entry, a syntactic frame specification, a semantic specification (role and situation type), followed by a specification of lexeme and its phonology, an English gloss, and an example sentence with morphological glossing. For instance, in the first line of the matrix for MOTIONDIRECTED shown below,
ba_1 := v-intr & & suAg-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"ba"> & PHON <"ba"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"come"> & EXAMPLE "È-bá-aa" & GLOSS "3S-come-NEG.IMPERF" & FREE-TRANSL "he didn't come; he didn't measure up (to a" &
the leftmost item
ba_1
is entry identifier, the first item after ':=',
v-intr
is syntactic frame specification (head is 'verb', frame is 'intransitive'), the next item
suAg-MOTIONDIRECTED
is semantic specification, consisting of role specification 'suAg' and Situation Type 'MOTIONDIRECTED',
and the further kinds of items mentioned are seen as goes (or scrolls) to the right.
The part
v-intr & & suAg-MOTIONDIRECTED
is the contribution of this line to the overall Form-Content Matrix for MOTIONDIRECTED, the other lines contributing in a similar way
Form-Content Matrix for MOTIONDIRECTED:
ba_1 := v-intr & & suAg-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"ba"> & PHON <"ba"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"come"> & EXAMPLE "È-bá-aa" & GLOSS "3S-come-NEG.IMPERF" & FREE-TRANSL "he didn't come; he didn't measure up (to a" & ba_2 := ev_suAg-pv1tr-vtr & & pv1obTh-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"ba"> & PHON <"ba"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"come"> & EXAMPLE "E-kɛ kakla lɛ ba" & GLOSS "3S-move knife DEF AOR.come" & FREE-TRANSL "she brought the knife." & ba_3 := v-tr-obPostp & & suAg_obLoc-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"ba"> & PHON <"ba"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"come"> & EXAMPLE "Ba ni amɛba nɛɛ" & GLOSS "3S-AOR-come room inside" & FREE-TRANSL "this coming that they came; they have come." & ba_6 := v-tr & & suAg_obEndpt-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"ba"> & PHON <"ba"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"come"> & EXAMPLE "E-ba shi" & GLOSS "3S.AOR-come down" & FREE-TRANSL "he came down; he bowed" & ba_8 := v-ditr & & suAg_obTh_ob2Endpt-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"ba"> & PHON <"ba"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"come"> & EXAMPLE "O-ba lɛ shi" & GLOSS "2S.AOR-come 3S down" & FREE-TRANSL "You lowered it." & babai_21 := sv_suAspID_suAg-v2intr & & v1obStartpt-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"babai"> & PHON <"bàbàái"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"come"> & EXAMPLE "Amɛ-jɛ-jɛ-i hei srɔtoi amɛ-ba-baa-i" & GLOSS "3P.AOR-start-DISTRIB-P place-P various-P" & FREE-TRANSL "they came here from different places." & bala_24 := v-tr & & suTh_obLoc-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"bala"> & PHON <"bl̀á"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"come_again ; return ; reincarnate"> & EXAMPLE "Omanye a-ba-la wɔ" & GLOSS "prosperity SBJV-come-ITER 1P" & FREE-TRANSL "may prosperity come to us again (libation phrase)." & fa_211 := sv_suAspID_suAg-v2tr-obNomvL & & v2obLoc-INCHOATION-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"fa"> & PHON <"fà̰"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"start"> & EXAMPLE "E-fa kɛ-jɛ Ga" & GLOSS "3S.AOR-travel move-leave Accra" & "he left Accra." & fa_212 := v-tr-obNomvL & & suAg_obLoc-INCHOATION-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"fa"> & PHON <"fà̰"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"start_up"> & EXAMPLE "E-fa fala" & GLOSS "3S.AOR-start sore" & FREE-TRANSL "he has got a sore." & fo_338 := v-tr-obPostp & & suAg_obPath-REFLEXIVE-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"fo"> & PHON <"fò"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"turn_around ; cross_over"> & EXAMPLE "Ee-fo gbɛ lɛ mli" & GLOSS "3S.PROG-cut road DEF inside" & FREE-TRANSL "She is crossing the street." & gba_420 := sv_suAspID-v2intr-pv1obPro & & pv1obThsit-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"gba"> & PHON <"gbá"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"lucky ; fortunate"> & EXAMPLE "Gbá o-bɛku" & GLOSS "3S.AOR-strike down move.PRO.AOR-pass" & FREE-TRANSL "turn left." & ke_737 := sv_suAspID-suAg-v2tr-v2pv1Pro & & v2obLoc-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"ke"> & PHON <"ké"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"proceed"> & EXAMPLE "Amɛ-ke yuu kɛ-tee shia" & GLOSS "3P.AOR-proceed in.group move.AOR-go" & FREE-TRANSL "they went as a group to the house." & kɔ_757 := v-intr & & suAg-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"kɔ"> & PHON <"kɔ̀"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"climb"> & EXAMPLE "E-kɔ" & GLOSS "3S.AOR-climb" & FREE-TRANSL "she climbed, went up." & kɔ_758 := v-tr-obPostp & & suAg_obEndpt-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"kɔ"> & PHON <"kɔ̀"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"climb"> & EXAMPLE "A-kɔ ta lɛ hiɛ" & GLOSS "3.AOR-climb war DEF face" & FREE-TRANSL "they warred, went to war." & kpale_819 := sv_suAspID_suAg-v2tr & & v2obEndpt-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"kpale"> & PHON <"kpále"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"repent"> & EXAMPLE "Amɛ-kpale kɛ-ba amɛ-maŋ" & GLOSS "3PL.AOR-return MOVE.AOR- PRO -come" & FREE-TRANSL "they returned to their country." & kpale_820 := sv_suAspID_suAg-v2tr-v2obPostp-obSpecPossp_specObSpecPostp & & v2obStartpt-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"kpale"> & PHON <"kpále"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"repent"> & EXAMPLE "Nyɛ́-kpale-a kɛ́-jɛ-a nyɛ-he esha-i lɛ" & GLOSS "2PL.SBJV-reject-IMPER" & FREE-TRANSL "turn away from your sins." & kpeleke_840 := sv_suAspID_suAg-v2intr-obPostp & & obSpecThAbst-pv1obThabst-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"kpeleke"> & PHON <"kpĺéke"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"land"> & EXAMPLE "Wolei lɛ sele kɛ-kpeleke" & GLOSS "fisherment DEF AOR.swim" & FREE-TRANSL "the fishermen swam to land." & kpeleke_841 := v-tr-obPostp_obSpecThAbst & & suAg_obTh-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"kpeleke"> & PHON <"kpĺéke"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"land"> & EXAMPLE "A-kpeleke lɛ" & GLOSS "3.AOR-land 3S" & FREE-TRANSL "the ritual to terminate training as a wÉ”yoo or wɔŋtsÉ› has been performed for her\him." & kpeleke_842 := v-intr-obPostp_obSpecThAbst & & suAg-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"kpeleke"> & PHON <"kpĺéke"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"land"> & EXAMPLE "Ee-kpeleke" & GLOSS "3S.PROG-land" & FREE-TRANSL "she is giving birth." & lɔ_986 := v-intr & & suAg-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"lɔ"> & PHON <"lɔ́"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"sneak"> & EXAMPLE "E-lɔ" & GLOSS "3S.AOR-sneak" & FREE-TRANSL "he sneaked out; it is not necessary." & ŋma_1137 := ev_suAg-vtr-pv1obPro & & v2obLoc-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"ŋma"> & PHON <"ŋmà̰"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"run"> & EXAMPLE "E-kɛ ŋma shi" & GLOSS "3S-move.PRO.AOR-run down" & FREE-TRANSL "he darted off." & sara_1218 := ev_suAg-vtr & & obEndpt-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"sara"> & PHON <"sl̀á & sr̀á"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"visit"> & EXAMPLE "E-ya-sara tsɔne-i lɛ" & GLOSS "3S-go-AOR-visit trap-PL DEF" & FREE-TRANSL "he inspected his traps." & sara_1219 := v-tr-obPostp & & suAg_obEndpt-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"sara"> & PHON <"sl̀á & sr̀á"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"visit"> & EXAMPLE "saramɔ kɛ kwɛmɔ" & GLOSS "1S.FUT-visit 2S.POSS-back" & FREE-TRANSL "excursion." & sha_1256 := ev_suAg-vtr-obPostp & & obEndpt-PROTR-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"sha"> & PHON <"ʃá"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"run"> & EXAMPLE "E-ya-sha ŋshɔ lɛ naa" & GLOSS "3S-EGR.AOR-run sea DEF edge" & FREE-TRANSL "he ran ashore." & shɛ_1283 := ev_suAg-vtr & & suAg_obEndpt-COMPLETED-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"shɛ"> & PHON <"ʃɛ̀"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"arrive_at"> & EXAMPLE "Amɛ-ba-shɛ shi nyɛ" & GLOSS "3PL-INGR-arrive down yesterday" & FREE-TRANSL "they arrived yesterday." & shɛ_1284 := v-intrComp-compIRRcmp & & suThAbst-COMPLETED-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"shɛ"> & PHON <"ʃɛ̀"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"arrive_at"> & EXAMPLE "Be ba-shɛ ni a-baa-ya" & GLOSS "time INGR.AOR-arrive COMP" & FREE-TRANSL "it was time to go." & shɛ_1285 := v-tr-compIRRcmp & & suTh_obLocAbst-CHANGEofSTATE-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"shɛ"> & PHON <"ʃɛ̀"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"arrive_at"> & EXAMPLE "É-shɛ nuu" & GLOSS "3S.PERF-arrive man" & FREE-TRANSL "he has reached manhood, is mature." & shi_1335 := sv_suAspIDALL_suAg-v2tr-v2SuClit & & v2obEndpt-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"shi"> & PHON <"ʃḭ́"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"forget"> & EXAMPLE "Amɛ-shi Ga kɛ-tee Kumasi" & GLOSS "3PL.AOR-leave Accra MOVE.PRO.AOR-go" & FREE-TRANSL "they left Accra for Kumasi." & shi_1336 := v-tr-obPostp & & suAg_obLoc-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"shi"> & PHON <"ʃḭ́"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"forget"> & EXAMPLE "Amɛ-shi yai lɛ a-sɛɛ" & GLOSS "3PL.AOR-leave nets DEF POSS-back" & FREE-TRANSL "they forgot the nets; left the nets aside." & shweleŋ_1384 := sv_suAspID_suAg-v2tr-v2obPostp & & v2obLoc-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"shweleŋ"> & PHON <"ʃʷèléŋ"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"depart"> & EXAMPLE "Amɛ-shweleŋ kɛ-tee maŋ lɛ mli" & GLOSS "3PL.AOR-depart MOVE.AOR-go town DEF" & FREE-TRANSL "they set out for town." & tee_1497 := v-tr-obPostp & & suAg_obLoc-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"tee"> & PHON <"tèè"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"go"> & EXAMPLE "E-tee sɛɛ" & GLOSS "3S.AOR-go PRO back" & FREE-TRANSL "he went back." & tee_1498 := ev_suAg-vtr-obPostp & & obLoc-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"tee"> & PHON <"tèè"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"until"> & EXAMPLE "A-kɛ-tee yara nɔ" & GLOSS "3-MOVE.PRO.AOR-go funeral surface" & FREE-TRANSL "it was taken to a funeral." & tee_1499 := ev_suDrop-vtr-obPostp & & obLoc-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"tee"> & PHON <"tèè"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"until"> & EXAMPLE "(Amɛ-la) kɛ-tee Nsawam" & GLOSS "(3PL.AOR-sing) MOVE.PRO.AOR-go" & FREE-TRANSL "(they sang) as far as Nsawam." & tiu_1552 := v-tr & & suAg_obTrgt-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"tiu"> & PHON <"tìù & tùù"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"bother_about"> & EXAMPLE "Ma-tiu lɛ" & GLOSS "1S.FUT-follow 3S" & FREE-TRANSL "I will go after him." & tsɛ_1658 := v-tr-suPostp & & suLocus_obTrgt-EMOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"tsɛ"> & PHON <"tʃɛ̰́"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"hate"> & EXAMPLE "E-he tsɛ-ɔ mi" & GLOSS "3S.POSS-self hate-HAB 1S" & FREE-TRANSL "she hates me." & tsi_1677 := v-tr-obPostp & & suAg_obLoc-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"tsi"> & PHON <"tʃí"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"push_away"> & EXAMPLE "E-tsí yi sɛɛ" & GLOSS "3S.AOR-push head back" & FREE-TRANSL "he pushed it forward." & tsi_1678 := sv_suAspIDALL_suAg-v2tr-v2obPostp & & v2obLoc-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"tsi"> & PHON <"tʃí"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"push_away"> & EXAMPLE "E-tsi ablogwa lɛ kɛ-tee sɛɛ" & GLOSS "3S.AOR-puch chair DEF MOVE.AOR-go" & FREE-TRANSL "she pushed the chair back." & tsi_1679 := sv_suAspIDALL_suAg-v2intr-v2suClit & & v1obTh-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"tsi"> & PHON <"tʃí"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"push_away"> & EXAMPLE "E-tsi nu lɛ e-shwie" & GLOSS "3S.AOR-push water DEF 3S.AOR-pour" & FREE-TRANSL "she threw the water away." & tsi_1680 := v-tr-obPostp & & suAg_obLocus-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"tsi"> & PHON <"tʃí"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"push_away"> & EXAMPLE "E-tsi mi-yi sɛɛ" & GLOSS "3S.AOR-push 1S.POSS-head back" & FREE-TRANSL "she saw me off; she rushed me (to do sth)." & tsi_1681 := ev_suAg-vtr-obPostp & & obLocus-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"tsi"> & PHON <"tʃí"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"push_away"> & EXAMPLE "E-kɛ shika fioo tsí e-yi sɛɛ" & GLOSS "3S-MOVE money small AOR.push" & FREE-TRANSL "he helped her out with a little money." & tsi_1682 := sv_suAspIDALL_suAg-v2tr-obPostp & & v2obLoc-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"tsi"> & PHON <"tʃí"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"insult"> & EXAMPLE "E-tsí lɛ e-gbèé hé ko" & GLOSS "3S.AOR-push 3S 3S.AOR-cause.to.fall place" & FREE-TRANSL "he helped him out with a small gift." & tsirɛ_1700 := v-tr-obPostp & & suAg_obTh-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"tsirɛ"> & PHON <"tʃŕɛ"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"push"> & EXAMPLE "E-tsi-rɛ e-yi-sɛɛ" & GLOSS "3S.AOR-push-ITER 3S.POSS-head-back" & FREE-TRANSL "she pushed him back." & tsirɛ_1701 := v-trComp-compIRRcmp & & suAg_obTh-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"tsirɛ"> & PHON <"tʃŕɛ"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"push"> & EXAMPLE "E-tsi-rɛ e-yi-sɛɛ akɛ é-ya" & GLOSS "3S.AOR-push-ITER 3S.POSS-head-back" & FREE-TRANSL "she put pressure on him to go." & tsɔ_1728 := sv_suAspIDALL_suAg-v2tr-v1obPostp & & v2obLoc-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"tsɔ"> & PHON <"tʃɔ̰́"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"go_before"> & EXAMPLE "Mi-tsɔ̰́ ŋshɔ hiɛ kɛ̀-bà-je Ga" & GLOSS "1S.AOR-turn sea face" & FREE-TRANSL "I passed on the sea to Accra." & tsɔ_1729 := v-tr-obPostp & & suAg_obLoc-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"tsɔ"> & PHON <"tʃɔ̰́"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"bewitch"> & EXAMPLE "Mii-tsɔ̰́ ó-hiɛ" & GLOSS "1S.PROG-turn 2S.POSS-face" & FREE-TRANSL "I am going ahead of you, before you." & tsɔ_1730 := ev_suAg-vtr-obPostp & & obLocus-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"tsɔ"> & PHON <"tʃɔ̰́"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"bewitch"> & EXAMPLE "A-kɛ mii-tsɔ̰́ mí-hiɛ" & GLOSS "3S-MOVE PRO PROG-turn 1S.POSS-face" & FREE-TRANSL "they are putting a spell on me." & tswa_1769 := sv_suAspIDALL_suMover-v2tr-v2pv1tr & & v2obEndpt-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"tswa"> & PHON <"tʃʷà"> & ENGL-GLOSS tswa_1769 & EXAMPLE "Fɔ lɛ baa-tswa kɛ-ya ŋwɛi" & GLOSS "oil DEF INGR.FUT-strike MOVE-AOR.go" & FREE-TRANSL "the oil will boil over." & wiri_1843 := sv_suAspIDALL_suAg-v2tr & & v2obEndpt-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"wiri"> & PHON <"w̌l̀í & w̌r̀í"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"paddle"> & EXAMPLE "Amɛ-wiri kɛ-tee Takoradi" & GLOSS "3PL.AOR-paddle MOVE.PRO.AOR-go" & FREE-TRANSL "they paddled to Takoradi." & wɔɔ_1897 := v-tr & & suAg_obTh-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"wɔɔ"> & PHON <"wɔ̀ɔ́"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"trail"> & EXAMPLE "Gbɔbilɔ lɛ wɔ̀ɔ́ kooloo lɛ" & GLOSS "hunter DEF AOR.trail animal DEF" & FREE-TRANSL "the hunter trailed the animal." & ya_1910 := v-tr & & suAg_obEndpt-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"ya"> & PHON <"jà"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"go"> & EXAMPLE "Mii-ya Ga" & GLOSS "1S.PROG-go Accra" & FREE-TRANSL "I am going to Accra." & ya_1911 := ev_suAg-vtr & & obEndpt-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"ya"> & PHON <"jà"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"go"> & EXAMPLE "Amɛ-kɛ amadaa lɛ ya-a shia" & GLOSS "3PL-MOVE plantain DEF go-HAB house" & FREE-TRANSL "they take the plantain home." & ya_1912 := v-tr-suIDobSpec_obPostp & & suAg_obLoc-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"ya"> & PHON <"jà"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"go"> & EXAMPLE "(Há̰ ní) é-ya e-hiɛ" & GLOSS "(give.IMPER COMP) 3S.SBJV-go" & FREE-TRANSL "let him go forward; let him get away." & ya_1913 := v-tr-obPostp & & suTh_obLoc-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"ya"> & PHON <"jà"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"go"> & EXAMPLE "Amɛ-mii-ya yara nɔ" & GLOSS "3PL-PROG-go funeral on" & FREE-TRANSL "they are going to the funeral." & ya_1914 := v-intr-obPostp & & suAg-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"ya"> & PHON <"jà"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"go"> & EXAMPLE "kɛ-mii-ya naa-nɔ-i a-naa-nɔ" & GLOSS "MOV-PROG-go edge-on-PL POSS-edge on" & FREE-TRANSL "for ever and ever." & yi_1966 := v-tr-obPostp & & suAg_obEndpt-STATE-MOTIONDIRECTED & LEXEME <"yi"> & PHON <"jí"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"descend"> & EXAMPLE "É-!yí shḭ̀" & GLOSS "3S.PERF-fill down" & FREE-TRANSL "he descended;" &
Form-Content Matrix for EXPERIENCE:
fo_348 := v-tr-obSpecPostp & & suExp_obLoc-REFLEXIVE-EXPER & LEXEME <"fo"> & PHON <"fò"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"pass_through ; spend_time_at"> & EXAMPLE "É-fò e-blayei-aŋ" & GLOSS "3S.PERF-cut 3S.POSS-puberty-LOC" & FREE-TRANSL "She has gone through her young" & fo_349 := v-trVid-obPostp & & suExp_obTrgt_vidObLoc-REFLEXIVE-EXPER & LEXEME <"fo"> & PHON <"fò"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"pass_up ; forego"> & EXAMPLE "É-fò mli yɛ e-blayei-aŋ" & GLOSS "3S.PERF-cut PRO inside be.at" & FREE-TRANSL "She has gone through her young" & fo_350 := v-tr-obPostp & & suAg_obLocus-REFLEXIVE-EXPER & LEXEME <"fo"> & PHON <"fò"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"excessive"> & EXAMPLE "E-fo nitsumɔ mli shi-i enyɔ" & GLOSS "3S.PERF-cut work inside time-P two" & FREE-TRANSL "She has been absent from work twice." & fo_351 := vPrf-tr-obPostp & & suTh_obLoc-REFLEXIVE-EXPER & LEXEME <"fo"> & PHON <"fò"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"interfere"> & EXAMPLE "Ŋoo e-fo koko lɛ mli" & GLOSS "salt PERF-cut porridge DEF inside" & FREE-TRANSL "There's too much salt in the porridge." & fo_352 := v-tr-obPostp & & suTh_obLoc-REFLEXIVE-EXPER & LEXEME <"fo"> & PHON <"fò"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"manageable"> & EXAMPLE "E-fo-ɔ nii a-mli" & GLOSS "3S-cut-HAB things POSS-inside" & FREE-TRANSL "He is always interfering." & fo_353 := sv_suAspIDALL_suThsit-v2intr-obPostp & & suTh_obLoc-REFLEXIVE-EXPER & LEXEME <"fo"> & PHON <"fò"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"disappoint"> & EXAMPLE "(Kɛ mi-nine shɛ o-shika lɛ nɔ lɛ &) e-fo-ɔ" & GLOSS "(if 1S.POSS-hand reach 2S.POSS-money DEF on" & FREE-TRANSL "(When I receive your money,) it makes things" & fo_354 := v-ditr-obPostp & & suAg_obBen_ob2Th-REFLEXIVE-EXPER & LEXEME <"fo"> & PHON <"fò"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"disappoint"> & EXAMPLE "E-fo mi tso" & GLOSS "3S.AOR-cut 1S tree" & FREE-TRANSL "He disappointed me." & fɔ_369 := ev_suAg-vtr-pv1obPro & & obLoc-EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"fɔ"> & PHON <"fɔ̰̀"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"throw"> & EXAMPLE "E-kɛ́-fɔ shi" & GLOSS "3S-move.PRO.PERF-throw down" & FREE-TRANSL "he has died (idiom)." & funta_401 := v-tr-suPARTOFspec_suSpecIDob & & suEff_obSens-EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"funta"> & PHON <"fṵ́ńta̰"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"nauseated"> & EXAMPLE "E-tsuinaa mii-funta lɛ" & GLOSS "3S.POSS-desire PROG-nauseate 3S" & FREE-TRANSL "she feels sick, nauseous." & gba_415 := v-tr-suPossp_suBPsuSpec_suSpecIDob & & suLocus_obExp-EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"gba"> & PHON <"gbá"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"strike"> & EXAMPLE "Mi-yitso mii-gba mi" & GLOSS "1S.POSS-head PROG-split 1S" & FREE-TRANSL "my head is aching." & gbo_460 := v-tr-obPostp & & suAff_obLocus-EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"gbo"> & PHON <"gbó"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"extinguished"> & EXAMPLE "Mi-gbo-oo fufui nɔ" & GLOSS "1S-die-IMPERF.NEG fufu surface" & FREE-TRANSL "I'm not very fond of fufu." & gbo_461 := v-intr-obPostp & & suTh-EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"gbo"> & PHON <"gbó"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"end"> & EXAMPLE "La lɛ gbo" & GLOSS "fire DEF AOR.die" & FREE-TRANSL "the fire went out." & gbo_462 := v-intrVid-vidObPostp & & suAff_obEndpt-COMPLETION-EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"gbo"> & PHON <"gbó"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"refuse"> & EXAMPLE "E-baa-gbo yɛ o-nɔ" & GLOSS "3S-INGR.FUT-die be.at 2S.POSS-surface" & FREE-TRANSL "it will end with (at) you." & kɔmɔ_776 := v-intr-suPostp_suSpecIDob & & suTh-EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"kɔmɔ"> & PHON <"kɔ̰́mɔ̰ & kṵ́mɔ̰"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"labour"> & EXAMPLE "Ee-kɔ-mɔ" & GLOSS "3S.PROG-pain-ITER" & FREE-TRANSL "she is in labour." & kpɛ_845 := v-tr-suPostp_obPostp & & suLocus_obTh-EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"kpɛ"> & PHON <"kpɛ̀"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"close"> & EXAMPLE "E-naa kpɛ e-he" & GLOSS "3S.POSS-edge AOR-sew 3S.POSS-self" & FREE-TRANSL "he was surprised" & kpɛ_846 := v-intr-suBPspec & & suTh-EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"kpɛ"> & PHON <"kpɛ̀"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"close"> & EXAMPLE "(Hela lɛ ha) e-kada fɛɛ kpɛ" & GLOSS "(illness DEF AOR.give) 3S.POSS-jaw all" & FREE-TRANSL "(the illness made) her jaws lock; she had" & kwɛ_934 := v-intr & & suPrcvr-EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"kwɛ"> & PHON <"kʷɛ̂ & kʷɛ́"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"look_after ; care_for"> & EXAMPLE "kwɛ-mɔ" & GLOSS "look-IMPER" & FREE-TRANSL "look at it!" & loo_980 := v-tr-v2pv1obThsit & & suEffector_obAff-EXPER & LEXEME <"loo"> & PHON <"lòô & lòó & ló"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"bale"> & EXAMPLE "Hela lɛ e-loo lɛ" & GLOSS "illness DEF PERF-collect 3S" & FREE-TRANSL "the sickness has made him very weak." & loo_981 := v-tr-v2pv1obThsit & & suAg_obTh-EXPER & LEXEME <"loo"> & PHON <"lòô & lòó & ló"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"embrace"> & EXAMPLE "E-lo-ɔ nu" & GLOSS "3S-collect-HAB water" & FREE-TRANSL "he bales water." & loo_982 := v-ditr-v2pv1obThsit & & suAg_obTrg_ob2Content-EXPER & LEXEME <"loo"> & PHON <"lòô & lòó & ló"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"embrace"> & EXAMPLE "E-loo lɛ atuu" & GLOSS "3S.AOR-collect 3S welcoming" & FREE-TRANSL "she embraced him" & loo_983 := v-tr-v2pv1obThsit & & suEffector_obTh-EXPER & LEXEME <"loo"> & PHON <"lòô & lòó & ló"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"roll"> & EXAMPLE "Blɔfoŋme ŋma e-loo bo" & GLOSS "pineapple scent PERF-collect 2S" & FREE-TRANSL "you are surrounded by the scent of pineapples." & mɛ_1031 := v-tr-suBPspec & & suExper_obTh-EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"mɛ"> & PHON <"mɛ̰̀"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"content,_be ; enjoy"> & EXAMPLE "Minyɛɛɛ mɛɛ dɔŋŋ" & GLOSS "3S.AOR-wait fufu DEF" & FREE-TRANSL "I can't wait any longer." & mɔ_1041 := ev_suEffector-vtr & & obTh-EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"mɔ"> & PHON <"mɔ̰́"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"catch"> & EXAMPLE "Hiɛgbele ba-mɔ lɛ" & GLOSS "shame INGR.AOR-catch 3S" & FREE-TRANSL "he became ashamed (fig.)." & nyara_1106 := v-tr-obPostp & & suEff_obLoc-EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"nyara"> & PHON <"ɲàrà"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"overwhelm"> & EXAMPLE "É-nyara o-hiɛ" & GLOSS "3S.PERF-overwhelm 2S.POSS-face" & FREE-TRANSL "it has overwhelmed you." & piŋ_1189 := v-intr & & suExper-EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"piŋ"> & PHON <"pḭ́ḭ"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"torture"> & EXAMPLE "Ee-piŋ" & GLOSS "3S.PROG-suffer" & FREE-TRANSL "he is suffering." & piŋ_1190 := v-tr & & suAg_obExper-EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"piŋ"> & PHON <"pḭ́ḭ"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"torture"> & EXAMPLE "A-piŋ lɛ" & GLOSS "3.AOR-suffer 3S" & FREE-TRANSL "he was tortured." & saŋe_1217 := v-tr-suPostp_suSpecIDob & & suLocus_obExper-EXPER & LEXEME <"saŋe"> & PHON <"sá̰ŋe"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"relieved"> & EXAMPLE "Kofi he e-saŋe lɛ" & GLOSS "K.POSS self PERF-relieve DEF" & FREE-TRANSL "Kofi is feeling better (eg., because his debt has been paid or he" & so_1421 := v-intr & & obEndpt-EXPER & LEXEME <"so"> & PHON <"só"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"suffer"> & EXAMPLE "O-baa-so" & GLOSS "2S-INGR.FUT-hit" & FREE-TRANSL "you will suffer. (Colloq.)" & su_1446 := v-intr-suBPspec & & suTh-EXPER & LEXEME <"su"> & PHON <"sṵ̀"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"shrink"> & EXAMPLE "Mi-tsui su-ɔ" & GLOSS "1S.POSS-heart shrink-HAB" & FREE-TRANSL "I am breathless; I have palpitations." & ta_1464 := v-tr-obPostp_obSpecBPspecSpec & & suAg_obLocus-EXPER & LEXEME <"ta"> & PHON <"tà"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"touch"> & EXAMPLE "E-ta mi-tsui mli" & GLOSS "3S.AOR-touch 1S.POSS-heart inside" & FREE-TRANSL "it touched me, pleased me." & ta_1465 := v-tr-obPostp_obSpecBPspecSpec & & suAg_obLocus-EXPER & LEXEME <"ta"> & PHON <"tà"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"stir"> & EXAMPLE "E-ta mi-tsui he" & GLOSS "3S.AOR-touch 1S.POSS-heart self" & FREE-TRANSL "it irritated me." & ta_1466 := v-tr-obPostp & & suAg_obLocus-EXPER & LEXEME <"ta"> & PHON <"tà"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"bet"> & EXAMPLE "E-ta wonu lɛ mli" & GLOSS "3S.AOR-touch soup DEF inside" & FREE-TRANSL "she stirred the soup." & ta_1467 := v-tr-obUnif & & suAg_obTh-EXPER & LEXEME <"ta"> & PHON <"tà"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"ask"> & EXAMPLE "E-ta abasa" & GLOSS "3S.AOR-touch bet" & FREE-TRANSL "he made a bet." & ta_1468 := v-tr-suIDobSpec_obBPspec & & suAg_obTh-EXPER & LEXEME <"ta"> & PHON <"tà"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"ask"> & EXAMPLE "Oo-ta mi-daa" & GLOSS "2S.PROG-touch 1S.POSS-mouth" & FREE-TRANSL "you are asking me too many questions." & tua_1807 := ev_suAg-vtr-suPossp_suBPspec_suSpecIDob & & obTh-REFLEXIVE-EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"tua"> & PHON <"túa"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"rape"> & EXAMPLE "Asraafo-i ya-túa henyɛlɔ-i lɛ" & GLOSS "soldier-PL EGR.AOR-attack enemy-PL DEF" & FREE-TRANSL "the soldiers attacked the enemies." & tua_1808 := v-tr-suPossp_suBPspec_suSpecIDob & & suAg_obTh-REFLEXIVE-EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"tua"> & PHON <"túa"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"punish"> & EXAMPLE "E-túa gbekɛ yoo lɛ" & GLOSS "3S.AOR-attach child woman DEF" & FREE-TRANSL "he raped the girl." & tua_1809 := ev_suAg-vtr-suPossp_suBPspec_suSpecIDob & & obTh-REFLEXIVE-EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"tua"> & PHON <"túa"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"drink"> & EXAMPLE "E-kɛ kakatsofa túa gbekɛ lɛ" & GLOSS "3S-MOVE ginger AOR.attack child DEF" & FREE-TRANSL "She punished the child with ginger (in the" & tua_1810 := v-tr-suPossp_suBPspec_suSpecIDob & & suAg_obLoc-REFLEXIVE-EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"tua"> & PHON <"túa"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"drink"> & EXAMPLE "E-túa daa-ŋ" & GLOSS "3S.AOR-drink drink-LOC" & FREE-TRANSL "he drank alcohol secretly." & tutu_1812 := v-tr-suPostp & & suLoc_obExper-EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"tutu"> & PHON <"tùtú"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"ache"> & EXAMPLE "Mí-kpɔia-ŋ mli tùtú mì" & GLOSS "1S.POSS-joints-LOC inside AOR.ache 1S" & FREE-TRANSL "my joints ache." & wa_1821 := v-tr-suSpecIDobSpec_obPostp & & suEff_obLoc-EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"wa"> & PHON <"wà"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"tension"> & EXAMPLE "Mi-kuɛ mii-wa mi-he" & GLOSS "1S.POSS-neck PROG-hurt 1S.POSS-self" & FREE-TRANSL "my neck aches." & wula_1905 := v-tr & & suEff_obExp-STATE-CAUSATION_EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"wula"> & PHON <"wùlá"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"indigestion,_have"> & EXAMPLE "Niyenii lɛ e-wula mi" & GLOSS "food DEF PERF-too.much 1S" & FREE-TRANSL "I have indigestion from overeating." & ye_1935 := v-tr-suPostp & & suThAbst_obAffincr-STATE-EXPER & LEXEME <"ye"> & PHON <"jè"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"perform"> & EXAMPLE "Fɛi mii-ye mi" & GLOSS "cold PROG-eat 1S" & FREE-TRANSL "I am feeling cold." & yi_1965 := v-tr-obPostp & & suTh_obEndpt-STATE-EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"yi"> & PHON <"jí"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"descend"> & EXAMPLE "É-!yí shḭ̀" & GLOSS "3S.PERF-descend down" & FREE-TRANSL "he was possessed." & yimɔ_1973 := v-tr & & suTh_obEndpt-EXPERIENCE & LEXEME <"yimɔ"> & PHON <"jímɔ̰"> & ENGL-GLOSS <"fill"> & EXAMPLE "Amɛ-yi-mɔ-ɔ shi" & GLOSS "3PL-fill-ITER-HAB down" & FREE-TRANSL "they become possessed by the spirit." &
Some of the background for the system is laid out at Ga Valence Profile.