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Difference between revisions of "Verbconstructions cross-linguistically - Introduction"

 
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Presented here is an initiative for constructing an environment enabling the enumeration of verb constructions cross-linguistically. The aims are:*For each language, that the enumeration be complete and transparent;
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--[[User:Lars Hellan|Lars Hellan]] 17:13, 3 November 2013 (UTC)--
*Across languages, that the enumerations be comparable.   
+
 
 +
An updated list of construction labels can be found on [[Construction Label tags]]
 +
 
 +
=== INTRODUCTION ===
 +
 
 +
 
 +
We present a system enabling enumeration of verb constructions cross-linguistically such that:
 +
 
 +
*For each language, the enumeration can be complete and transparent;
 +
*Across languages, the enumerations can be comparable.   
 +
 
 +
The environment consists of a ''labeling system'' which, for any verb construction of a given language, provides a template for that construction type displaying its argument structure, in a fashion as transparent as possible. The template is constructed from an inventory of labeling primitives.
 +
 
 +
The initiative started with, on the one hand, a rather extensive inventory of Verb Constructions in Norwegian (based on the ''TROLL'' 1989 work, ''NorKompLeks'' 1996, and ''Norsource'' 2002--), and on the other, a comparative survey of closely related languages of the Volta Basin Area (supported by ''The Legon-Trondheim project'' on Ghanaian languages).
 +
 
 +
The most comprehensive introduction is given in Hellan, L. and M.E.K. Dakubu 2010: ''Identifying verb constructions cross-linguistically'' (SLAVOB Series 6.3, University of Ghana),
 +
consisting of the parts:  [[Media: ‎1_Introlabels_SLAVOB-final.pdf|The system ]], [[Media:‎ 2_Ga_appendix_SLAVOB-final.pdf|Ga Appendix ]], [[Media: ‎3_Norwegian_Appendix_plus_3_SLAVOB-final.pdf|Norwegian Appendix ]], and augmented by [[Media: Derivation in the Construction Labeling system.pdf|Derivation in the Construction Labeling system]].
  
The environment includes a ''labeling system'' which, for any verb construction of a given language, provides a template for that construction type displaying its argument structure and other properties, in a fashion as transparent as possible. The template is constructed from a universally established inventory of labeling primitives.
 
The initiative has started with, on the one hand, a rather extensive inventory of Verb Constructions in Norwegian (based on the TROLL 1989 work, NorKompLeks 1996, and Norsource 2007), and on the other, a comparative survey of closely related languages of the Volta Basin Area (supported by The Legon-Trondheim project on Ghanaian languages). Thus both scenarios mentioned above are being instantiated.
 
 
The characterization of a construction type relates to at least the following parameters, when applicable:
 
The characterization of a construction type relates to at least the following parameters, when applicable:
 
*diathesis/argument operations (such as passive, causativisation, applicative formation),
 
*diathesis/argument operations (such as passive, causativisation, applicative formation),
 
*syntactic valency,  
 
*syntactic valency,  
*semantic participants,
+
*semantic participants, aspect/Aktionsart and situation type,
* particular patterns of agreement, including coreference patterns (such as 'equi' and 'raising' patterns, argument sharing, secondary predication), tense/aspect agreement, and subject and object marking,  
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*particular patterns of agreement, including coreference patterns (such as 'equi' and 'raising' patterns, argument sharing, secondary predication), tense/aspect agreement, and subject and object marking,  
*'full' vs 'expletive' elements. NOT included is modification and syntactic processes not particular to the formation or modification of argument structure.
+
*'full' vs 'expletive' elements.  
 +
NOT included are modification and syntactic processes not particular to the formation of argument structure.
  
The basic structural parts of a Template are referred to as slots. In the slot specification, the following conventions are observed:
+
The basic structural parts of a template are referred to as '''slots'''. In the slot specification, the following conventions are observed:
 
* Slots are interconnected by '-' (hyphen).
 
* Slots are interconnected by '-' (hyphen).
 
* Distinct items inside a slot are interconnected by '_' (underline).
 
* Distinct items inside a slot are interconnected by '_' (underline).
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* Slot 3: Dependent Specification: comments on syntactic and referential properties of specific arguments – see list below.
 
* Slot 3: Dependent Specification: comments on syntactic and referential properties of specific arguments – see list below.
 
* Slot 4: Participant Roles.
 
* Slot 4: Participant Roles.
* Slot 5: Situation Type: a label for the situation type expressed by the construction, written in CAPS
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* Slot 5: Aspect, written in CAPS.
 +
* Slot 6: Situation Type: a label for the situation type expressed by the construction, written in CAPS.
 
Slots 1 and 2 are obligatorily filled, the others not. A slot not specified is not displayed; however, the labels defined for the various slots are distinct, hence no specification can be misread with regard to which slot it fits into. Likewise, no labels are distinguished in terms of CAP vs. not.
 
Slots 1 and 2 are obligatorily filled, the others not. A slot not specified is not displayed; however, the labels defined for the various slots are distinct, hence no specification can be misread with regard to which slot it fits into. Likewise, no labels are distinguished in terms of CAP vs. not.
  
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(1)
 
(1)
v-tr-ag_affincrem-COMPLETED_MONODEVMNT
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 +
;v-tr-suAg_obAffincrem-COMPLETED_MONODEVMNT
  
 
''the boy eats the cake''
 
''the boy eats the cake''
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* Slot 2: the syntactic frame is transitive;
 
* Slot 2: the syntactic frame is transitive;
 
* Slot 4: the thematic roles expressed are 'agent' and 'incrementally affected';
 
* Slot 4: the thematic roles expressed are 'agent' and 'incrementally affected';
* Slot 5: the situation type is (partially characterized as) 'completed monotonic development'.
+
* Slot 5: the Aktionsart type is (partially characterized as) 'completed monotonic development'.
  
Nothing here occupies Slot 3. (Since neither 'ag_affincrem' nor 'COMPLETED_MONODEVMNT' is a defined slot 3-specification, there is no ambiguity as to which slot is here empty.)
+
Nothing here occupies Slot 3 or 6. (Since neither 'suAg','obAffincrem' nor 'COMPLETED_MONODEVMNT' are defined for other slots, there is no ambiguity as to which slots are here filled.)
  
 
The following template has specification for the first three slots (from Norwegian, with gloss and translation):
 
The following template has specification for the first three slots (from Norwegian, with gloss and translation):
  
 
(2)
 
(2)
v-trScpr-scObNrgCse_scAdj
+
 
 +
;v-trScpr-scObNrgCsd_scAdj
 
<Phrase>2140</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>2140</Phrase>
 
This template reads as:
 
This template reads as:
* Slot 1: The head is V;  
+
* Slot 1: The head is V;  
* Slot 2: the syntactic frame is transitive with a secondary ('small clause') predicate;
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* Slot 2: the syntactic frame is transitive with a secondary ('small clause') predicate;
* Slot 3: the secondary predicate is predicated of the object, which is a 'non-argument', i.e., does not have a semantic argument relation to the verb, and expresses the result of a causation; moreover, the secondary predicate is headed by an adjective.
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* Slot 3: the secondary predicate is predicated of the object, which is a 'non-argument',  
 +
i.e., does not have a semantic argument relation to the verb, and expresses the result  
 +
of a causation; moreover, the secondary predicate is headed by an adjective.
  
If a construction has a verbal complement, or is a series of verbs, where there is reason to comment on each verbal domain, the construction is entered as a sequence of two (or more) v-constructions, where each has the argument frame instantiated by the verb in question. The v-constructions are  separated by double hyphen.  After the first slot, which indicates the kind of construction, there is a slot with information on how constituents from the different v-constructions interrelate. The following is an example of a Serial Verb Construction in Akan, where 'sv' indicates this type:
 
  
 +
Below is a list of labels for slots 1, 2 and 3 as are currently used in the system for Norwegian.
  
3)
+
=== LABELS REFLECTING HEAD AND VALENCE (SLOT 1 and 2) ===
sv-objIDsu_aspID--v-tr-ag_ejct--v-tr-th_endpt-CONTACTEJECTION
+
  
<Phrase>2967</Phrase>
 
This template reads as:
 
* Slot 1: The construction is an SVC;
 
* Slot 2: The object of the first clause is (referentially) identical to the subject of the second clause, and aspect (PST) is identical across the clauses;
 
* Slot 3: The v-constructions: the first v-construction has a transitive verb, and its participant roles are 'agent and ejected'; the second v-construction also has a transitive verb, with the participant roles 'theme' and 'endpoint' (notice that in each of these frames, there is no slot 3-specification, but both have slot 4-specification);
 
* Slot 4: The whole construction expresses the situation-type 'CONTACTEJECTION', that is, 'ejection with the ejected obtaining contact with an expressed entity'.
 
  
 +
'''SLOT 1''':
  
 +
'''v''' = construction is headed by Verb.
 +
'''v_pas''' = construction is headed by Verb and has undergone passivization.
  
;v-intrImpers
 
  
SIT-TYPE: PHENOM
+
'''SLOT 2''':
  
det regner
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General definitions, essential to slot 2-definitions:
  
<Phrase>1984</Phrase>
+
A '''direct syntactic argument''' of a verb is any nominal constituent syntactically directly related to the verb (as subject-of, direct object-of, or indirect object-of), and any clausal constituent with either of these functions. (This includes expletive subjects and objects, and excludes clausal constituents in extraposed position; it also excludes any NP or clause governed by a preposition or other relation-item as a direct syntact argument of the verb.)
  
 +
With this notion 'direct syntactic argument', we define three basic valency notions:
  
;v-intrImpersPrtcl
+
'''intr''' = intransitive, i.e., with only SUBJECT as direct syntactic argument.
  
SIT-TYPE: PHENOM_TELIC
+
'''tr''' = transitive, i.e., with SUBJECT and one OBJECT as direct syntactic arguments.
  
det klarner opp
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'''ditr''' = ditransitive, i.e., with SUBJECT and two OBJECTs as direct syntactic arguments.
  
<Phrase>1985</Phrase>
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A direct syntactic argument is '''standardly linked''' when it has referential content and serves a semantic argument function relative to the verb. (This excludes expletive subjects and objects and 'raised' full NPs - these are not 'standardly linked'.)
  
  
;v-intrImpersObl
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'''Intransitive constructions'''
 +
intr = intransitive, i.e., with only SUBJECT as direct syntactic argument.
 +
intrImpers = impersonal intransitive, i.e., SUBJECT is an expletive not linked
 +
to any other item in the clause.
 +
intrImpersPrtcl = impersonal intransitive with an aspectual particle.
 +
intrImpersObl = impersonal intransitive with an oblique argument.
 +
intrPresentational = intransitive with a presentational structure, i.e.,
 +
an expletive subject and an indefinite NP (the 'presented' NP) occupying
 +
the post-verbal position.
 +
intrDirPresentational = intrPresentational where the presented NP has a directional capacity.
 +
intrPresentationalLoc = intrPresentational with a locative constituent.
 +
intrDir = intransitive where the subject has a directional capacity.
 +
intrAdv = intransitive with an obligatory adverbial.
 +
intrPrtcl = intransitive with an aspectual particle.
 +
intrObl = intransitive with an oblique argument.
 +
intrOblRais = intransitive with an oblique argument from which an NP has been 'raised'.
 +
intrScpr = intransitive with a secondary predicate (Small Clause predicate).
 +
intrLghtScpr = intransitive light verb with a secondary predicate (Small Clause predicate).
 +
intrExpn = intransitive with an 'extraposed' clause.
 +
intrPrtclExpn = intransitive with an 'extraposed' clause and an advparticle.
 +
intrOblExpn = intransitive with an 'extraposed' clause and an oblique argument.
 +
intrPrtclOblExpn = intransitive with an 'extraposed' clause, an oblique argument,
 +
and an advparticle.
 +
intrPrtclOblRais = intransitive with an oblique argument from which an NP has been 'raised',
 +
and an advparticle.
 +
intrImplicobjObl = intransitive with implicit object, followed by PP.
  
ROLE: loc
 
 
SIT-TYPE: SEMELFACTIVE
 
 
det kvekker i Ola
 
 
<Phrase>1986</Phrase>
 
 
det sprekker i glasset
 
 
<Phrase>1987</Phrase>
 
 
ROLE: loc
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ACTIVITY
 
 
det synger i fjellene
 
 
<Phrase>1988</Phrase>
 
 
 
;v-intrDirPresentational
 
 
ROLE: agmover
 
 
SIT-TYPE: MOTION
 
 
det springer en mann
 
 
<Phrase>1990</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrDirPresentational
 
 
ROLE: agmover
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ENDPNTMOTION
 
 
det springer en mann hit
 
 
<Phrase>1992</Phrase>
 
 
 
;v-intrDirPresentational
 
 
ROLE: thmover
 
 
SIT-TYPE: MOTION
 
 
det ruller en ball
 
 
<Phrase>1994</Phrase>
 
 
 
;v-intrDirPresentational
 
 
ROLE: thmover
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ENDPNTMOTION
 
 
det ruller en ball hit
 
 
<Phrase>1995</Phrase>
 
 
 
;v-intrPresentationalLoc
 
 
ROLE: ag_loc
 
 
SIT-TYPE: POSTURE_LOC
 
 
det sitter en mann i stolen
 
 
<Phrase>1996</Phrase>
 
det sitter en mann her
 
 
<Phrase>1997</Phrase>
 
 
 
;v-trPresentational
 
 
ROLE: ben_th
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PENDINGSTATE
 
 
det venter ham en ulykke
 
 
<Phrase>1998</Phrase>
 
det tilkommer ham hundre kroner
 
 
<Phrase>1999</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intr
 
 
ROLE: ag
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ACTIVITY / SEMELFACTIVE
 
 
gutten hopper
 
 
<Phrase>2000</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrPrtcl
 
 
ROLE: ag
 
 
SIT-TYPE: SUSTAINEDACTIVITY
 
 
Ola driver på
 
 
<Phrase>2001</Phrase>
 
 
ROLE: th
 
 
SIT-TYPE: SUSTAINEDACTIVITY
 
 
regnet varer ved
 
 
<Phrase>2007</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrPrtcl
 
 
ROLE: ag
 
 
SIT-TYPE: COMPLETEDACTIVITY
 
 
Ola stopper opp
 
 
<Phrase>2002</Phrase>
 
 
ROLE: th
 
 
SIT-TYPE: COMPLETEDACTIVITY
 
 
regnet holder opp
 
<Phrase>2008</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intr
 
 
ROLE: agsens
 
 
SIT-TYPE: SENSING_PROTR
 
 
gutten lytter
 
<Phrase>2003</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intr
 
 
ROLE: th
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROCESS
 
 
isen smelter
 
<Phrase>2006</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intr
 
 
ROLE: exp
 
 
SIT-TYPE: EXPERIENCING_PROTR
 
 
gutten fryser
 
<Phrase>2009</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrDir
 
 
ROLE: agmover
 
 
SIT-TYPE: MOTION
 
 
gutten løper
 
<Phrase>2004</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrDir
 
 
ROLE: thmover
 
 
SIT-TYPE: MOTION
 
 
ballen ruller
 
<Phrase>2005</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrDir
 
 
ROLE: orientedobj
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PUREORIENTATION
 
 
pilen peker mot nord
 
<Phrase>2515</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrDir
 
 
ROLE: orientedobj
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PATHCONSTELLATION
 
 
veien går mot nord
 
<Phrase>2516</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrDir
 
 
ROLE: orientedobj
 
 
SIT-TYPE: LOCOMODEVELOPMENT
 
 
turen går mot nord
 
<Phrase>2517</Phrase>
 
 
 
;v-intr-suDECL
 
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: NONHABITUAL
 
 
at han sover hender
 
<Phrase>2518</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intr-suYN
 
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ASSESS
 
 
hvorvidt han kommer beror
 
<Phrase>2010</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intr-suWH
 
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ASSESS
 
 
??hvem som kommer beror
 
<Phrase>2011</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intr-suAbsinf
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ASSESS
 
 
å motta penger for politiske verv stinker
 
<Phrase>2012</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrObl
 
 
ROLE: ag_topic
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ABOUTNESS_ACTIVITY
 
 
jeg snakker om Ola
 
<Phrase>2013</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrObl
 
 
ROLE: ag_loc
 
 
SIT-TYPE: LOCATION
 
 
hun bor i Finnmark
 
<Phrase>2015</Phrase>
 
 
ROLE: th_loc
 
 
SIT-TYPE: LOCATION
 
 
Hamningberg ligger i Finnmark
 
<Phrase>2643</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrObl
 
 
ROLE: ag_affincrem
 
 
SIT-TYPE: NONCOMPLETED_MONODEVMNT
 
 
hun spiser av eplet
 
<Phrase>2016</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrObl
 
 
ROLE: ag_thincrem
 
 
SIT-TYPE: NONCOMPLETED_MONODEVMNT
 
 
hun leser i boken
 
<Phrase>2017</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrObl
 
 
ROLE: ag_activated
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ACTIVATION
 
 
Ola rører på statuen
 
<Phrase>2018</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrObl-oblRefl
 
 
ROLE: ag_activated
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ACTIVATION
 
 
Ola leer på seg
 
<Phrase>2019</Phrase>
 
 
 
;v-intrObl-oblPRTOFsubj
 
 
ROLE: exp_locth
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PARTWHOLE_EXPERIENCING
 
 
jeg fryser på ryggen
 
<Phrase>2028</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrImplicobjObl
 
 
ROLE: ag_th_csdloc
 
 
SIT-TYPE: RENDERING_IN_POSITION
 
 
han sølte på duken
 
<Phrase>2645</Phrase>
 
 
han kledde på gutten
 
<Phrase>2646</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrImplicobjObl-oblRefl
 
 
ROLE: ag_th_csdloc
 
 
SIT-TYPE: RENDERING_IN_POSITION
 
 
han sølte på seg
 
<Phrase>2647</Phrase>
 
 
han kledde på seg
 
<Phrase>2648</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrObl-oblDECL
 
 
ROLE: ag_topic
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ABOUTNESS_ACTIVITY
 
 
de snakker om at det er for sent
 
<Phrase>2020</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrObl-oblYN
 
 
ROLE: ag_topic
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE_ACTIVITY
 
 
de lurer på hvorvidt det er for sent
 
<Phrase>2021</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrObl-oblWH
 
 
ROLE: ag_topic
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE_ACTIVITY
 
 
de lurer på hvem som kommer
 
<Phrase>2022</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrObl-oblEqSuInf
 
 
ROLE: ag_topic
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE_ACTIVITY
 
 
han håper på å komme
 
<Phrase>2023</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrObl-oblEqSuInf
 
 
ROLE: ag_topic
 
 
SIT-TYPE: HABITUAL
 
 
;Ola driver med å skrive
 
Ola does writing
 
 
 
;v-intrPrtclObl-oblEqSuInf
 
 
ROLE: ag_topic
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ACTIVITY
 
 
Ola driver på med å skrive
 
<Phrase>2024</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrObl-oblAbsinf
 
 
ROLE: ag_topic
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ABOUTNESS_ACTIVITY
 
 
de snakker om å reise til Mars
 
<Phrase>2025</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrOblRais-suNrg_oblRaisInf
 
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: EXHIBACT
 
 
han later til å komme
 
<Phrase>2026</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrPrtclOblRais-suNrg_oblRaisInf
 
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: EXHIBACT
 
 
han ser ut til å komme
 
<Phrase>2027</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrAdv
 
 
ROLE:
 
 
SIT-TYPE:
 
 
han fungerer godt
 
<Phrase>2029</Phrase>
 
 
v-epistmodal
 
 
ROLE:
 
 
SIT-TYPE:
 
 
han kan komme
 
<Phrase>2045</Phrase>
 
 
;v-modaldir
 
 
ROLE:
 
 
SIT-TYPE:
 
 
;han må ut
 
 
'he must out' (= 'he has to go out')
 
 
 
;v-perf
 
 
ROLE:
 
 
SIT-TYPE:
 
 
han har kommet
 
<Phrase>2046</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrScpr-scLght_scAdj
 
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: EPISODIC_PROPTY
 
 
huset står tomt
 
<Phrase>2033</Phrase>
 
eiendommen ligger brakk
 
<Phrase>2034</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrScpr-scLght_scPredprtcl
 
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: EPISODIC_PROPTY
 
 
gutten fremstår som mistenkt
 
<Phrase>2035</Phrase>
 
Ola stiller som forsvarer
 
<Phrase>2036</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrScpr-scSuNrg_scAdj
 
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: EXHIBPROPTY
 
 
gutten virker syk
 
<Phrase>2039</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrScpr-scSuNrg_scN
 
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: EXHIBPROPTY
 
 
gutten synes en leder
 
<Phrase>2040</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrScpr-scSuNrg_scPP
 
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: EXHIBPROPTY
 
 
gutten virker i orden
 
<Phrase>2041</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrScpr-scSuNrg_scPredprtcl
 
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: EXHIBPROPTY
 
 
gutten virker som en feiging
 
<Phrase>2042</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrScpr-scSuNrg_scInf
 
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: EXHIBACT
 
 
han synes å komme
 
<Phrase>2043</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrScpr-scSuNrg_scBareinf
 
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: EXHIBACT
 
 
han synes komme
 
<Phrase>2044</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrScprPrtcl-scSuNrg_scAdj
 
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: EXHIBPROPTY
 
 
gutten høres syk ut
 
<Phrase>2047</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrScprPrtcl-scSuNrg_scPredprtcl
 
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: EXHIBPROPTY
 
 
gutten høres ut som en papegøye
 
<Phrase>2048</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrScpr-scSuNrgCse_scAdj
 
 
ROLE: cse_csd
 
 
SIT-TYPE: INCHOATION
 
 
koppen renner full
 
<Phrase>2030</Phrase>
 
firmaet går fallitt
 
<Phrase>2031</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrScpr-scSuNrgCse_scAdv
 
 
ROLE: cse_csd
 
 
SIT-TYPE: CAUSATION_WITH_CAUSINGEVENT
 
 
landsbyen snør ned
 
<Phrase>2649</Phrase>
 
kampen regnet bort
 
<Phrase>2650</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrScpr-scSuNrgCse_scPP
 
 
ROLE: cse_csd
 
 
SIT-TYPE: CAUSATION_WITH_CAUSINGEVENT
 
 
kjelen koker i stykker
 
<Phrase>2032</Phrase>
 
 
;v-intrScpr-scSuArgCse_scAdj
 
 
ROLE: cse_csd
 
 
SIT-TYPE: CAUSATION_WITH_CAUSINGEVENT
 
 
skinken henger mør
 
<Phrase>2037</Phrase>
 
;v-intrScpr-scSuArgCse_scAdv
 
 
ROLE: cse_csd
 
 
SIT-TYPE: CAUSATION_WITH_CAUSINGEVENT
 
 
kaffen koker bort
 
<Phrase>2038</Phrase>
 
;v-intrEpon-eponDECL
 
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE:
 
 
det hender at han kommer
 
<Phrase>2651</Phrase>
 
det virker som om han kommer
 
<Phrase>2652</Phrase>
 
det virker som han kommer
 
<Phrase>2653</Phrase>
 
;v-intrEpon-eponYN
 
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ASSESS
 
 
det spørs hvorvidt han kommer
 
<Phrase>2051</Phrase>
 
;v-intrEpon-eponWH
 
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ASSESS
 
 
det spørs hvem som kommer
 
<Phrase>2052</Phrase>
 
;v-intrEpon-eponAbsinf
 
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ASSESS
 
 
det hjelper å sette seg
 
<Phrase>2654</Phrase>
 
;v-intrPrtclEpon-eponDECL
 
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ASSESS
 
 
det hører med at han kommer
 
<Phrase>2050</Phrase>
 
;v-intrOblEpon-oblEponDECL
 
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ASSESS
 
 
det later til at han kommer
 
<Phrase>2055</Phrase>
 
;v-intrOblEpon-oblEponAbsinf
 
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ASSESS
 
 
det haster med å rydde
 
<Phrase>2053</Phrase>
 
;v-intrPrtclOblEpon-oblEponDECL
 
 
ROLE: thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ASSESS
 
 
det ser ut til at han kommer
 
<Phrase>2056</Phrase>
 
 
;v-tr
 
 
ROLE: ag_aff
 
 
SIT-TYPE: AFFECT
 
 
Kari slår Ola
 
<Phrase>2059</Phrase>
 
;v-tr
 
 
ROLE: ag_th
 
 
SIT-TYPE: REPRESENT
 
 
Kari nevner Ola
 
<Phrase>2060</Phrase>
 
;v-tr
 
 
ROLE: ag_affincrem
 
 
SIT-TYPE: COMPLETED_MONODEVMNT
 
 
Kari spiser kaken
 
<Phrase>2061</Phrase>
 
;v-tr
 
 
ROLE: ag_thincrem
 
 
SIT-TYPE: COMPLETED_MONODEVMNT
 
 
Kari leser boken
 
<Phrase>2062</Phrase>
 
;v-tr
 
 
ROLE: sens_th
 
 
SIT-TYPE: SENSING
 
 
Kari ser Ola
 
<Phrase>2063</Phrase>
 
;v-tr
 
 
ROLE: ag_exp
 
 
SIT-TYPE: CAUSEEMOTION
 
 
Kari skremmer Ola
 
<Phrase>2064</Phrase>
 
;v-tr
 
 
ROLE: th_rec
 
 
SIT-TYPE: POSSESSION
 
 
boken tilhører Ola
 
<Phrase>2065</Phrase>
 
;v-tr
 
 
ROLE: th_ben
 
 
SIT-TYPE: MALEFACTION
 
 
boken skader Ola
 
<Phrase>2066</Phrase>
 
;v-tr
 
 
ROLE: th_exp
 
 
SIT-TYPE: CAUSEEMOTION
 
 
boken deprimerer Ola
 
<Phrase>2067</Phrase>
 
;v-tr-obRefl
 
 
ROLE: ag_aff
 
 
SIT-TYPE: AFFECTING
 
 
Kari vasker seg
 
<Phrase>2068</Phrase>
 
;v-trNrf-obReflExpl
 
 
ROLE: exp
 
 
SIT-TYPE: EXPER
 
 
Kari skammer seg
 
<Phrase>2069</Phrase>
 
;v-tr-obDir
 
 
ROLE: ag_ejct
 
 
SIT-TYPE: EJECTION
 
 
han kaster ballen
 
<Phrase>2057</Phrase>
 
;v-tr-obDir
 
 
ROLE: ag_thmover
 
 
SIT-TYPE: CAUSEMOTION
 
 
Kari sender pakken
 
<Phrase>2058</Phrase>
 
;v-tr-obDir
 
ROLE: ag_orientedobj(_line)
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ORIENTING
 
 
han retter pilen mot nord
 
<Phrase>2519</Phrase>
 
;v-tr-obDir
 
 
ROLE: ag_orientedobj(_line)
 
 
SIT-TYPE: LINESITUATING
 
 
han tegner linjen mot venstre
 
<Phrase>2520</Phrase>
 
;v-trDir
 
 
ROLE: agmover_endpnt
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ENDPNTMOTION
 
 
Kari når toppen
 
<Phrase>2072</Phrase>
 
;v-trDir
 
 
ROLE: agmover_viapnt
 
 
SIT-TYPE: VIAPNTMOTION
 
 
Kari passerer kirken
 
<Phrase>2073</Phrase>
 
;v-trDir
 
 
ROLE: orientedobj_endpnt
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ENDPNTEXTENSION
 
 
stien når toppen
 
<Phrase>2075</Phrase>
 
;v-trDir
 
 
ROLE: orientedobj_viapnt
 
 
SIT-TYPE: VIAPNTEXTENSION
 
 
stien passerer kirken
 
<Phrase>2076</Phrase>
 
;v-trDir-obDir
 
 
ROLE: agmover_alongline
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ALONGLINEMOTION
 
 
Kari følger stien
 
<Phrase>2074</Phrase>
 
;v-trDir-obDir
 
 
ROLE: agmover_agmover
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ACCOMPANYING
 
 
gutten ledsager presidenten
 
<Phrase>2525</Phrase>
 
;v-trDir-obDir
 
 
ROLE: agmover_agmover
 
 
SIT-TYPE: CROSSINGMOTIONPATHS
 
 
gutten krysser demonstrasjonstoget
 
<Phrase>2526</Phrase>
 
;v-trDir-obDir
 
 
ROLE: orientedobj_crossline
 
 
SIT-TYPE: NONPARALLELPATHS
 
 
streken skjærer linjen.
 
<Phrase>2524</Phrase>
 
;v-trDir-obDir
 
 
ROLE: orientedobj_alongline
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PARALLELPATHS/ALONGLINEEXTENSION
 
 
streken følger linjen
 
<Phrase>2523</Phrase>
 
stien følger elven
 
<Phrase>2077</Phrase>
 
;v-trDir-obDir
 
ROLE: agmover_orientedobj(_line)
 
 
SIT-TYPE: LOCOMOCONDUCTION
 
 
de legger turen mot nord
 
<Phrase>2521</Phrase>
 
;v-trDir-obDir
 
 
ROLE: ag_path
 
 
SIT-TYPE: USINGPATH
 
 
gutten vil ta stien mot fjellet
 
<Phrase>2084</Phrase>
 
;v-trDir-obDir
 
 
ROLE: ag_vehcl
 
 
SIT-TYPE: USINGVEHICLE
 
 
gutten vil ta bussen mot fjellet
 
<Phrase>2085</Phrase>
 
;v-tr-suAbsinf
 
 
ROLE: thSit_cog
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
 
Å bygge høyhus interesserer Kari
 
<Phrase>2095</Phrase>
 
;v-tr-suDECL
 
 
ROLE: thSit_cog
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
 
At jeg kommer forundrer Kari
 
<Phrase>2096</Phrase>
 
;v-tr-suYN
 
 
ROLE: thSit_cog
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
 
hvorvidt jeg kommer interesserer Kari
 
<Phrase>2097</Phrase>
 
;v-tr-suWH
 
 
ROLE: thSit_cog
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
 
hvem som kommer interesserer Kari
 
<Phrase>2098</Phrase>
 
;v-tr-obDECL
 
 
ROLE: sens_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: SENSING
 
 
Kari ser at Ola sover
 
<Phrase>2086</Phrase>
 
;v-tr-obDECL
 
 
ROLE: cog_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
 
Kari vet at jeg kommer
 
<Phrase>2087</Phrase>
 
;v-tr-obYN
 
 
ROLE: cog_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
 
Kari undres hvorvidt jeg kommer
 
<Phrase>2099</Phrase>
 
;v-tr-obWH
 
 
ROLE: cog_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
 
Kari undres hvem som kommer
 
<Phrase>2102</Phrase>
 
;v-tr-obEqInf
 
 
ROLE: ag_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ACTIVITY
 
 
Kari prøver å komme
 
<Phrase>2091</Phrase>
 
;v-tr-obEqBareinf/ v-rootmodal
 
 
ROLE: ag_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE:
 
 
Kari kan padle
 
<Phrase>2093</Phrase>
 
;v-tr-obAbsinf
 
 
ROLE: ag_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
 
Kari vurderer å komme
 
<Phrase>2094</Phrase>
 
;v-tr-suDECL_obDECL
 
;v-tr-suDECL_obYN
 
;v-tr-suDECL_obWH
 
;v-tr-suWH_obWH
 
 
 
;v-trNrfPrtcl-obReflExpl
 
 
ROLE: ag
 
 
SIT-TYPE: COMPLETEDACTIVITY
 
 
Kari dummet seg ut
 
<Phrase>2070</Phrase>
 
;v-trPrtcl-obRefl
 
 
ROLE: ag
 
 
SIT-TYPE: COMPLETEDACTIVITY
 
 
Ola fiffer seg opp
 
<Phrase>2071</Phrase>
 
;v-trPrtcl
 
 
ROLE: cog_th
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
 
Kari fant ut svaret
 
<Phrase>2089</Phrase>
 
;v-trPrtcl-obDECL
 
 
ROLE: cog_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
 
Kari fant ut at jeg kom
 
<Phrase>2090</Phrase>
 
;v-trPrtcl-obYN
 
 
ROLE: cog_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
 
Kari fant ut hvorvidt jeg kommer
 
<Phrase>2100</Phrase>
 
Ola regner ut hvorvidt du kommer
 
<Phrase>2101</Phrase>
 
;v-trPrtcl-obWH
 
 
ROLE: cog_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
 
<Phrase>2103</Phrase>
 
 
Ola regner ut hva svaret blir
 
<Phrase>2104</Phrase>
 
;v-trPrtcl-obEqInf
 
 
ROLE: ag_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ACTIVITY
 
 
Kari fant på å komme
 
<Phrase>2092</Phrase>
 
 
Kari fant på å komme
 
;'Kari found on to come' - "Kari hit upon coming"
 
;v-trObl
 
 
ROLE: ag_th_intrloc
 
 
SIT-TYPE: COMMUNICATION
 
 
han forteller nyheten til Ola
 
<Phrase>2105</Phrase>
 
;v-trObl-obRefl
 
 
ROLE: ag_th_com
 
 
SIT-TYPE: ACHVMNT
 
 
han allierer seg med gutten
 
<Phrase>2106</Phrase>
 
;v-trObl-oblPRTOFobj
 
 
ROLE: ag_aff_locth
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PARTWHOLE_AFFECTING
 
 
jeg sparker Ola i baken
 
<Phrase>2107</Phrase>
 
;v-trObl-oblRefl_oblPRTOFobj
 
 
ROLE: ag_aff_locth
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PARTWHOLE_AFFECTING
 
 
Ola klør seg på ryggen
 
<Phrase>2108</Phrase>
 
;v-trObl-oblDECL
 
 
ROLE: ag_intrloc_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: LOCUTACT
 
 
han forteller Ola om at han kommer
 
<Phrase>2109</Phrase>
 
;v-trObl-oblYN
 
 
ROLE: ag_intrloc_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: LOCUTACT
 
 
han spør Ola om hvorvidt han kommer
 
<Phrase>2110</Phrase>
 
;v-trObl-oblWH
 
 
ROLE: ag_intrloc_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: LOCUTACT
 
 
han spør Ola om hvem som kommer
 
<Phrase>2111</Phrase>
 
;v-trObl-oblEqSuInf
 
 
ROLE: ag_intrloc_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: LOCUTACT
 
 
han bønnfalt meg om å få komme
 
<Phrase>2112</Phrase>
 
;v-trNrfObl-obReflExpl_oblEqSuInf
 
 
ROLE: ag_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: COMMITMENT
 
 
Ola finner seg i å vente
 
<Phrase>2113</Phrase>
 
;v-trObl-oblEqobInf
 
 
ROLE: ag_intrloc_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: LOCUTACT
 
 
han bønnfalt meg om å gå
 
<Phrase>2114</Phrase>
 
;v-trObl-obRefl_oblEqObInf
 
 
ROLE: ag_th_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: COMMITMENT
 
 
han forplikter seg til å komme
 
<Phrase>2115</Phrase>
 
;v-trObl-oblAbsinf
 
 
ROLE: ag_intrloc_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: LOCUTACT
 
 
vi forteller barna om å bygge høyhus
 
<Phrase>2116</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scSuNrg_scAdj
 
 
ROLE: cog_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
 
han synes meg syk
 
<Phrase>2120</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scSuNrg_scN
 
 
ROLE:cog_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
 
han synes meg en idiot
 
<Phrase>2121</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scSuNrg_scPP
 
 
ROLE: cog_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
 
han synes meg i godt humør
 
<Phrase>2122</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scSuNrg_scPredprtcl
 
 
ROLE: cog_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
 
han synes meg som en idiot
 
<Phrase>2123</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scSuNrg_scInf
 
 
ROLE: cog_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
 
han synes meg å komme
 
<Phrase>2124</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scSuNrg_scBareinf
 
 
ROLE: cog_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
 
han synes meg komme
 
<Phrase>2125</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scObNrg_scInf
 
 
ROLE: cog_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
 
jeg formoder ham å være kvalifisert
 
<Phrase>2145</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scObNrg_scBareinf
 
 
ROLE: sens_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: SENSING
 
 
jeg ser ham ligge
 
<Phrase>2146</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scObNrg_obRefl_scBareinf
 
 
ROLE: sens_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: SENSING
 
 
han kjente seg sove
 
<Phrase>2147</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scObNrg_scAdj
 
 
ROLE: cog_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
 
han anser Ola skikket
 
<Phrase>2148</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scObNrg_obRefl_scAdj
 
 
ROLE: cog_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
 
han anser seg skikket
 
<Phrase>2149</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scObNrg_scPredprtcl
 
 
ROLE: cog_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
 
han oppfattet bilen som ny
 
<Phrase>2150</Phrase>
 
jeg anser Ola for å være syk
 
<Phrase>2117</Phrase>
 
jeg anser Ola for å løpe vekk
 
<Phrase>2118</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scObNrg_obRefl_scPredprtcl
 
<Phrase>2119</Phrase>
 
ROLE: cog_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
 
han oppfattet seg som ny
 
<Phrase>2151</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scObNrg_scN
 
 
ROLE: ag_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: REPRESENT
 
 
hun kaller Ola en venn
 
<Phrase>2129</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scObNrg_obRefl_scN
 
 
ROLE: ag_thSit
 
 
SIT-TYPE: REPRESENT
 
 
hun kaller seg en venn
 
<Phrase>2130</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scObArgConcurr_scAdj
 
 
ROLE: ag_affincrem
 
 
SIT-TYPE: CONCURRSTATE
 
 
han drakk kaffen varm
 
<Phrase>2126</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scObArgConcurr_scPP
 
 
ROLE: ag_thvehcl
 
 
SIT-TYPE: CONCURRSTATE
 
 
han kjørte bilen i god stand
 
<Phrase>2127</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scObArgConcurr_scPredprtcl
 
 
ROLE: ag_thvehcl
 
 
SIT-TYPE: CONCURRSTATE
 
 
han kjørte bilen som firmabil
 
<Phrase>2128</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scObNrgRes_scAdj
 
 
ROLE: csr_csd
 
 
SIT-TYPE: CAUSATION_WITH_CAUSENTITY
 
 
hun gjør skoene flate
 
<Phrase>2131</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scObNrgRes_scAPP
 
 
ROLE: csr_csd
 
 
SIT-TYPE: CAUSATION_WITH_CAUSENTITY
 
 
hun gjør meg i god form
 
<Phrase>2132</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scObArgCse_scPP
 
 
ROLE: ag_th_csdloc
 
 
SIT-TYPE: RENDERING_IN_POSITION
 
 
hun setter skoene bak bordet
 
<Phrase>2134</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scObArgCse_scPP
 
 
ROLE: ag_aff_csd
 
 
SIT-TYPE: CAUSATION_WITH_CAUSINGEVENT
 
 
han sparket i stykker ballen
 
<Phrase>2135</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scObArgCse_scAdv
 
 
ROLE: ag_aff_csd
 
 
SIT-TYPE: CAUSATION_WITH_CAUSINGEVENT
 
 
han sparket ballen bort
 
<Phrase>2136</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scObArgCse_scAdv
 
 
ROLE: ag_aff_csd
 
 
SIT-TYPE: CAUSATION_WITH_CAUSINGEVENT
 
 
han sparket bort ballen
 
<Phrase>2137</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scObArgCse_scAdj
 
 
ROLE: ag_aff_csd
 
 
SIT-TYPE: CAUSATION_WITH_CAUSINGEVENT
 
 
han sparket ballen flat
 
<Phrase>2138</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scObNrgCse_scAdj
 
 
ROLE: ag_csd
 
 
SIT-TYPE: CAUSATION_WITH_CAUSINGEVENT
 
 
han sang rommet tomt
 
<Phrase>2140</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scObNrgCseBin_scAdj
 
  
ROLE: ag_csd
+
Comment:  
  
SIT-TYPE: CAUSATION_WITH_CAUSINGEVENT
+
A SUBJECT is standardly linked in templates containing the forms
 +
v-intr-
 +
v-intrDir-
 +
v-intrAdv-
 +
v-intrPrtcl-
 +
v-intrObl-
  
han spiser kjøleskapet tomt
+
In templates containing the form
<Phrase>2655</Phrase>
+
v-intrScpr-
;v-trScpr-scObNrgCse_obRefl_scAdj
+
the SUBJECT may be standardly linked, depending on whether the ensuing sc-specification contains '...Arg...' (is standardly linked) or '...Nrg...' (is not standardly linked).
  
ROLE: ag_csd
+
In all other templates initiated by
 +
v-intr...-
 +
the SUBJECT is not standardly linked.
  
SIT-TYPE: CAUSATION_WITH_CAUSINGEVENT
 
  
han løp seg sunn
+
'''Transitive constructions'''
<Phrase>2141</Phrase>
+
tr = transitive, i.e., with SUBJECT and one OBJECT.
;v-trScpr-scObNrgCse_obRefl_scPP
+
trDir = transitive, where the subject is understood in a directional capacity.
 +
trPrtcl = transitive with an advparticle.
 +
trPresentational = presentational structure with an NP preceding the 'presented' NP.
 +
trObl = transitive with an oblique.
 +
trAdv = transitive with an obligadverbial.
 +
trExpnSu = transitive with an extraposed clause correlated with the subject,
 +
and an argument object.
 +
trExpnOb = transitive with an extraposed clause correlated with the object,
 +
and an argument subject.
 +
trScpr = transitive with a secondary predicate (Small Clause predicate).
 +
trNrf = transitive whose object is non-referential.
 +
 +
Comment:
  
ROLE: ag_csd
+
A SUBJECT is standardly linked in templates containing the forms
 +
v-tr-
 +
v-trDir-
 +
v-trAdv-
 +
v-trPrtcl-
 +
v-trObl-
 +
v-trExpnOb-
 +
v-trNrf-
  
SIT-TYPE: CAUSATION_WITH_CAUSINGEVENT
+
In templates containing the form
 +
v-trScpr-
 +
the SUBJECT may be standardly linked: it is, when the ensuing secpred is predicated of the object (expressed by 'scOb...'), and when the secpred is predicated of the subject, it can be standardly linked, depending on whether an ensuing scSu-specification contains '...Arg...' (is) or '...Nrg...' (is not).
  
han sang seg i god form
+
In all other templates initiated by
<Phrase>2142</Phrase>
+
v-tr...-
;v-trScpr-scObNrgCse_scAdv-scCse
+
the SUBJECT is not standardly linked.
  
ROLE: ag_csd
+
An OBJECT is standardly linked in templates containing the forms
 +
v-tr-
 +
v-trDir-
 +
v-trAdv-
 +
v-trPrtcl-
 +
v-trObl-
 +
v-trExpnSu-
 +
v-trPresentational-
 +
 +
In templates containing the form
 +
v-trScpr-
 +
the OBJECT may be standardly linked: it is, when the ensuing secpred is predicated of the subject (expressed by 'scSu...'); when the secpred is predicated of the object, it can be standardly linked, depending on whether an ensuing scOb-specification contains '...Arg...' (is) or '...Nrg...' (is not).
  
SIT-TYPE: CAUSATION_WITH_CAUSINGEVENT
+
In all other templates initiated by
 +
v-tr...-
 +
the OBJECT is not standardly linked.
  
han sang sorgene bort
 
<Phrase>2143</Phrase>
 
han karer seg bort
 
<Phrase>2139</Phrase>
 
;v-trScpr-scObNrgCse_scAdv-scCse
 
  
ROLE: ag_csd
+
'''Ditransitive constructions'''
 +
ditr = ditransitive, i.e., with SUBJECT and two OBJECTs (here referred to by
 +
the traditional  terms 'indirect' ('iob') and 'direct' object, when distinction is necessary).
 +
ditrObl = ditransitive with oblique.
 +
ditrNrf = ditransitive whose indirect object is non-referential.
  
SIT-TYPE: CAUSATION_WITH_CAUSINGEVENT
+
Comment:  
  
han sang bort sorgene
+
In a ditransitive construction, a SUBJECT and a 'direct' OBJECT are always standardly linked.
<Phrase>2144</Phrase>
+
;v-trNrfAdv-obReflExpl
+
  
ROLE: ag
+
In templates containing the forms
  
SIT-TYPE: ACTIVITY
+
v-ditrNrf-
  
han oppfører seg pent
+
the indirect OBJECT is not standardly linked; apart from this case, also the indirect OBJECT is always linked.
<Phrase>2152</Phrase>
+
;v-trEponSu-eponDECL
+
  
ROLE: thSit_cog
 
  
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
+
'''Copula constructions'''
 +
copAdj = predicative copular construction with adjectival predicative.
 +
copN = predicative copular construction with nominal predicative.
 +
copPP = predicative copular construction with prepositional predicative.
 +
copPredprtcl = predicative copular construction with predicative headed by a pred-predparticle.
 +
copIdN = identity copular construction with nominal predicative.
 +
copIdAbsinf = identity copular construction with infinitival predicative. 
 +
copIdDECL = identity copular construction with a declarative clause as predicative. 
 +
copIdYN = identity copular construction with a yes-no-interrogative clause as predicative. 
 +
copIdWH = identity copular construction with a wh-interrogative clause as predicative. 
 +
copExpnAdj =  predicative copular construction with adjectival predicative
 +
and the 'logical subject' extraposed. 
 +
copExpnN =  predicative copular construction with nominal predicative and
 +
the 'logical subject' extraposed. 
 +
copExpnPP =  predicative copular construction with prepositional predicative and
 +
the 'logical subject' extraposed. 
 +
copExpnPredprtcl =  predicative copular construction with predicative headed by a
 +
pred-particle and the 'logical subject' extraposed. 
  
det bekymrer meg at han kommer
+
Comment:
<Phrase>2153</Phrase>
+
;v-trEponSu-eponYN
+
  
ROLE: thSit_cog
+
In a copular construction, a SUBJECT is standardly linked, except when the label contains '...Expn...'.
  
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
  
det undrer meg hvorvidt han kommer
 
<Phrase>2154</Phrase>
 
;v-trEponSu-eponWH
 
  
ROLE: thSit_cog
+
=== LABELS REFLECTING SYNTACTIC ARGUMENTS (SLOT 3) ===
  
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
 
  
det overrasker meg hvem som kommer
+
'''Subjects'''
<Phrase>2155</Phrase>
+
suExpl = subject is an expletive.
;v-trEponSu-eponCOND
+
suDECL = subject is a declarative clause.
 +
suYN = subject is a yes-no-interrogative clause.
 +
suWH = subject is a wh-interrogative clause.
 +
suAbsinf = subject is an infinitival clause with non-controlled interpretation.
 +
suNrg = subject is a non-argument.
  
ROLE: thSit_cog
+
'''Objects'''
 +
obDir = object is understood in a directional capacity.
 +
obRefl = object is a reflexive.
 +
obReflExpl = object is an expletive reflexive.
 +
obDECL = object is a declarative clause
 +
obYN = object is a yes-no-interrogative clause.
 +
obWH = object is a wh-interrogative clause.
 +
obEqInf = object is an infinitive equi-controlled by the only available possible controller.
 +
obEqSuInf = object is an infinitive equi-controlled by subject.
 +
obEqIobInf =  object is an infinitive equi-controlled by indirect object.
 +
obEqBareinf =  object is a bare infinitive equi-controlled by the
 +
  only available possible controller.
 +
obEqIobBareinf =  object is a bare infinitive equi-controlled by indirect object.
 +
obEquSuBareinf =  object is a bare infinitive equi-controlled by subject.
 +
obAbsInf = object is a non-controlled infinitive.
 +
obRefl = indirect object is a reflexive.
 +
iobReflExpl = indirect object is an expletive reflexive.
  
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
+
'''Obliques'''
 +
oblEqSuInf = the governee of the oblique is an infinitive equi-controlled by subject.
 +
oblEqObInf = the governee of the oblique is an infinitive equi-controlled by object.
 +
oblRaisInf =  the governee of the oblique is an infinitive which is
 +
  raising-controlled by the subject.
 +
oblRefl = the governee of the oblique is a reflexive.
 +
oblDECL = the governee of the oblique is a declarative clause.
 +
oblYN = the governee of the oblique is a yes-no-interrogative clause.
 +
oblWH = the governee of the oblique is a wh-interrogative clause.
 +
oblAbsinf = the governee of the oblique is a non-controlled infinitive.
 +
oblPRTOFsubj = the referent of the governee of the oblique is interpreted as
 +
  part-of the referent of the subject.
 +
oblPRTOFobj = the referent of the governee of the oblique is interpreted as
 +
  part-of the referent of the object.
 +
oblPRTOFiobj = the referent of the governee of the oblique is interpreted as
 +
  part-of the referent of the indirect object.
 +
oblExpnAbsinf = extraposed is a non-controlled infinitive occurring as governee of an oblique.
 +
oblExpnDECL = extraposed is a declarative clause occurring as governee of an oblique.
  
det vil ikke forundre meg hvis han kommer
+
'''Non-causative secondary predicates'''
<Phrase>2156</Phrase>
+
scSuNrg = the secondary predicate is predicated of a non-argument subject
;v-trEponSu-eponEqInf
+
  (i.e., a subject not serving as semantic argument of the matrix verb -  
 +
  'raising to subject').
 +
scObNrg = the secondary predicate is predicated of a non-argument object
 +
  (i.e., an object not serving as semantic argument of the matrix verb - ''raising to object').
 +
scObArgConcurr = the secondary predicate is predicated of an argument object
 +
  (i.e., an object serving as semantic argument of the matrix verb), and
 +
  the matrix verb (together with its subject) is part of the description of an event concurrent
 +
  with the situation described by the secondary predication.
  
ROLE: thSit_cog
+
'''Causative secondary predicates'''
 +
scObNrgRes = the secondary predicate is predicated of a non-argument object
 +
  (i.e., an object not serving as semantic argument of the matrix verb -
 +
  ''raising to object'), and of the event causing the situation described
 +
  by the secondary predication, only the participant denoted by the subject is specified.
 +
scSuArgCsd = the secondary predicate is predicated of an argument subject
 +
  (i.e., a subject serving as semantic argument of the matrix verb), and
 +
  the matrix verb (together with its subject) is part of the description of
 +
  an event causing the situation described by the secondary predication.
 +
scObArgCsd = the secondary predicate is predicated of an argument object
 +
  (i.e., an object serving as semantic argument of the matrix verb), and
 +
  the matrix verb (together with its subject) is part of the description of
 +
  an event causing the situation described by the secondary predication.
 +
scSuNrgCsd = the secondary predicate is predicated of a non-argument subject
 +
  (i.e., a subject not serving as semantic argument of the matrix verb -
 +
  ''raising to subject'), and the matrix verb is part of the description of
 +
  an event causing the situation described by the secondary predication.
 +
scObNrgCsd = the secondary predicate is predicated of a non-argument object
 +
  (i.e., an object not serving as semantic argument of the matrix verb -
 +
  ''raising to object'), and the matrix verb (together with its subject) is
 +
  part of the description of an event causing the situation described by
 +
  the secondary predication.
 +
For all the causative labels, there is a possible final specification:
 +
...rgCsdZr =  ... the matrix verb is part of the description of a zero-participant
 +
  event causing the situation described by the secondary predication.
 +
...rgCsdUn = ... the matrix verb is part of the description of a one-participant
 +
  event causing the situation described by the secondary predication.
 +
...rgCsdBin =  ... the matrix verb is part of the description of a two-participant
 +
  event causing the situation described by the secondary predication.
  
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
+
'''Extraposed clauses'''
 +
expnDECL = extraposed is a declarative clause.
 +
expnYN = extraposed is a yes-no-interrogative clause.
 +
expnWH = extraposed is a wh-interrogative clause.
 +
expnCOND = extraposed is a conditional clause.
 +
expnEqInf = extraposed is an equi-controlled infinitive.
 +
expnAbsinf = extraposed is a non-controlled infinitive.
  
det behager meg å komme
 
<Phrase>2157</Phrase>
 
;v-trEponOb-eponDECL
 
  
ROLE: ag_csd 
 
  
SIT-TYPE: CAUSATION_WITH_CAUSENTITY
+
'''LABELS REFLECTING SEMANTIC ARGUMENTS, to appear (SLOT 4)'''
  
vi muliggjorde det at han fikk innreisetillatelse
+
'''LABELS REFLECTING AKTIONSART, to appear (SLOT 5)'''
<Phrase>2158</Phrase>
+
;v-trEponOb-eponCOND
+
  
ROLE: cog_thSit
+
'''LABELS REFLECTING SITUATION TYPES, to appear (SLOT 6)'''
  
SIT-TYPE: PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
+
=== Languages ===
  
jeg vil beklage det hvis du kommer
 
<Phrase>2159</Phrase>
 
;tr-objepon-yninterr
 
;tr-objepon-whinterr
 
  
;v-trEponOb-eponAbsinf
+
'''Norwegian'''
  
ROLE: ag_csd
+
For an inventory list of constructions in Norwegian using these abbreviations, see
 +
[[Verbconstructions Norwegian - all types]]
  
SIT-TYPE: CAUSATION_WITH_CAUSENTITY
+
For an inventory list of intransitive constructions in Norwegian using these abbreviations, see
 +
[[Verbconstructions Norwegian - intransitive]]
  
vi umuliggjør det å komme
+
For an inventory list of transitive constructions in Norwegian using these abbreviations, see
<Phrase>2160</Phrase>
+
[[Verbconstructions Norwegian - transitive]]
;v-ditr
+
  
ROLE:ag_rec_th
+
For an inventory list of ditransitive and copular constructions in Norwegian using these abbreviations, see
 +
[[Verbconstructions Norwegian - ditransitive and copular]]
  
SIT-TYPE: TRANSFER
+
For a presentation describing a connection between the present system and computational grammar engineering, see [[http://ginnungagap.hf.ntnu.no/tc2wiki/images/8/83/Lars_Hellan-_From_Grammar-Independent_Construction_Enumeration_to_Lexical_Types_in_Computational_Grammars.pdf| Paper COLING GEAF-workshop 2008]]
  
jeg gav ham boken
+
A compact list of Norwegian construction types, with a bare minimum of glossing, is given in [[Media:Norwegian_Appendix_SLAVOB-final.doc‎|Norwegian list Dec 2009 ]]
<Phrase>2161</Phrase>
+
;v-ditr-iobRefl
+
  
ROLE: ag_ben_th
 
  
SIT-TYPE: AVAILING
+
'''Ga'''
  
han gav seg tid
+
A compact view of the Ga valence profile is given at [[Ga Valence Profile]], and with examples, on [[Media:‎ 2_Ga_appendix_SLAVOB-final.pdf|Ga Appendix ]]. A wiki display of the 93 sentences annotated in TypeCraft is given at [[Ga annotated corpus]].
<Phrase>2162</Phrase>
+
;v-ditr
+
  
ROLE: ag_ben_th
 
  
SIT-TYPE: SUSTAINEDSTATE
+
'''Kistaninya'''
  
han unner henne boken
+
A collection of 88 annotated sentences of Kistaninya, including classification relative to the present construction labeling, is found at http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1131/. A construction profile for the language is given at [[Valence Profile Kistaninya]].
<Phrase>2163</Phrase>
+
;v-ditr-iobRefl
+
  
ROLE: ag_ben_th
 
  
SIT-TYPE: SUSTAINEDSTATE
+
'''English'''
  
<Phrase>2164</Phrase>
+
An exemplified English valence profile is found in [[Media:English constructions.pdf|English list Dec 2011]], and at the page [[Valence Profile English]].
;v-ditr-suDECL
+
  
ROLE: thSit_ben_th
 
  
SIT-TYPE: CAUSATION_WITH_CAUSINGEVENT
+
'''Edo'''
  
at han synger gir Kari hodepine
+
Applications of the system to Edo and to collections of constructions from various Niger-Congo languages including Edo are found at [[Applying a Construction labeling code to Edo]].
<Phrase>2171</Phrase>
+
;v-ditr-suYN
+
  
ROLE: thSit_ben_th
 
  
SIT-TYPE: REPRESENT
+
'''Gurene'''
  
hvorvidt han kommer først vil vise oss angrepsplanen
+
An exemplified Gurene valence profile is found in [[Media:Gurene labels revised new.doc|Gurene verb constructions list 2010]]
<Phrase>2172</Phrase>
+
An initial wiki page is [[Gurene verb constructions]].
;v-ditr-suWH
+
  
ROLE: thSit_ben_th
 
  
SIT-TYPE: REPRESENT
+
'''Amharic'''
  
hvem som kommer sist viser oss angrepsplanen
+
Collections of annotated Amharic sentences partly annotated also for construction labelig are discussed at [[Amharic Verb Constructions]].
<Phrase>2175</Phrase>
+
;v-ditr-suAbsinf
+
  
ROLE: thSit_ben_th
 
  
SIT-TYPE: CAUSATION_WITH_CAUSINGEVENT
 
  
å bombe først frarøver fienden moralen
+
'''Notions of 'feature' in linguistic theory: cross-theoretical and cross-linguistic perspectives'''
<Phrase>2181</Phrase>
+
å gå tur gir ham styrke
+
<Phrase>2182</Phrase>
+
;v-ditr-obDECL
+
  
ROLE: ag_intrlctr_thSit
+
For initiatives of exploring the notion of 'feature' in typological and cross-linguistic contexts, see [[Notions of 'feature' in linguistic theory: cross-theoretical and cross-linguistic perspectives]].
  
SIT-TYPE: COMMUNICATION
 
  
Kari forteller meg at han kommer
+
This page is linked from [[Multilingual Verb Valence Lexicon]].
<Phrase>2169</Phrase>
+
;v-ditr-obYN
+
  
ROLE: ag_intrlctr_thSit
+
=== Use of the system in grammar implementation ===
  
SIT-TYPE: COMMUNICATION
+
'''TypeGram'''
  
han forteller meg hvorvidt Kari kommer
+
A computational grammar which accommodates all the templates defined in the system - called '''TypeGram''' (for 'Typological Grammar') - is presented at the page [[TypeGram]].
<Phrase>2170</Phrase>
+
;v-ditr-obWH
+
  
ROLE: ag_intrlctr_thSit
 
  
SIT-TYPE: COMMUNICATION
 
  
han forteller meg hvem som kommer
 
<Phrase>2174</Phrase>
 
;
 
  
  
 +
[http://www4.clustrmaps.com/user/8abdaf33 http://www4.clustrmaps.com/stats/maps-no_clusters/www.typecraft.org-thumb.jpg]
  
[[Category:Research Projects]]
+
[[Category:Valence_-_general_and_multilingual]]

Latest revision as of 17:34, 16 September 2024

--Lars Hellan 17:13, 3 November 2013 (UTC)--

An updated list of construction labels can be found on Construction Label tags

INTRODUCTION

We present a system enabling enumeration of verb constructions cross-linguistically such that:

  • For each language, the enumeration can be complete and transparent;
  • Across languages, the enumerations can be comparable.

The environment consists of a labeling system which, for any verb construction of a given language, provides a template for that construction type displaying its argument structure, in a fashion as transparent as possible. The template is constructed from an inventory of labeling primitives.

The initiative started with, on the one hand, a rather extensive inventory of Verb Constructions in Norwegian (based on the TROLL 1989 work, NorKompLeks 1996, and Norsource 2002--), and on the other, a comparative survey of closely related languages of the Volta Basin Area (supported by The Legon-Trondheim project on Ghanaian languages).

The most comprehensive introduction is given in Hellan, L. and M.E.K. Dakubu 2010: Identifying verb constructions cross-linguistically (SLAVOB Series 6.3, University of Ghana), consisting of the parts: The system , Ga Appendix , Norwegian Appendix , and augmented by Derivation in the Construction Labeling system.

The characterization of a construction type relates to at least the following parameters, when applicable:

  • diathesis/argument operations (such as passive, causativisation, applicative formation),
  • syntactic valency,
  • semantic participants, aspect/Aktionsart and situation type,
  • particular patterns of agreement, including coreference patterns (such as 'equi' and 'raising' patterns, argument sharing, secondary predication), tense/aspect agreement, and subject and object marking,
  • 'full' vs 'expletive' elements.

NOT included are modification and syntactic processes not particular to the formation of argument structure.

The basic structural parts of a template are referred to as slots. In the slot specification, the following conventions are observed:

  • Slots are interconnected by '-' (hyphen).
  • Distinct items inside a slot are interconnected by '_' (underline).
  • An item label containing neither ‘-‘ nor ‘_’ is an uninterrupted string of letters. If it acts as a complex label, the internal composition is indicated by alternation between small and capital letters (however, no labels are distinguished in terms of CAP vs. not).

Constructions with a Verb as head have a Template structure with maximum five slots:

  • Slot 1: POS of the head, and diathesis information (e.g.: 'V_pas' for passive diathesis; 'V' alone if the construction is active).
  • Slot 2: Valency: transitivity specification - intr, tr, ditr, ... (see list below) (if the construction is passive, the valence given is that of its corresponding active form).
  • Slot 3: Dependent Specification: comments on syntactic and referential properties of specific arguments – see list below.
  • Slot 4: Participant Roles.
  • Slot 5: Aspect, written in CAPS.
  • Slot 6: Situation Type: a label for the situation type expressed by the construction, written in CAPS.

Slots 1 and 2 are obligatorily filled, the others not. A slot not specified is not displayed; however, the labels defined for the various slots are distinct, hence no specification can be misread with regard to which slot it fits into. Likewise, no labels are distinguished in terms of CAP vs. not.

The following template exemplifies the notation (with an English example sentence):

(1)

v-tr-suAg_obAffincrem-COMPLETED_MONODEVMNT

the boy eats the cake

The template reads as:

  • Slot 1: The head is V;
  • Slot 2: the syntactic frame is transitive;
  • Slot 4: the thematic roles expressed are 'agent' and 'incrementally affected';
  • Slot 5: the Aktionsart type is (partially characterized as) 'completed monotonic development'.

Nothing here occupies Slot 3 or 6. (Since neither 'suAg','obAffincrem' nor 'COMPLETED_MONODEVMNT' are defined for other slots, there is no ambiguity as to which slots are here filled.)

The following template has specification for the first three slots (from Norwegian, with gloss and translation):

(2)

v-trScpr-scObNrgCsd_scAdj
han sang rommet tomt
“he sang the room empty”
han
han
heSBJ3PSGNOM
PN
sang
sang
singPAST
Vitr
rommet
romet
roomOBJDEFSGNEUT
CN
tomt
tomt
emptySCSGNEUT
ADJ

This template reads as:

* Slot 1: The head is V; 
* Slot 2: the syntactic frame is transitive with a secondary ('small clause') predicate;
* Slot 3: the secondary predicate is predicated of the object, which is a 'non-argument', 
i.e., does not have a semantic argument relation to the verb, and expresses the result 
of a causation; moreover, the secondary predicate is headed by an adjective.


Below is a list of labels for slots 1, 2 and 3 as are currently used in the system for Norwegian.

LABELS REFLECTING HEAD AND VALENCE (SLOT 1 and 2)

SLOT 1:

v = construction is headed by Verb.
v_pas = construction is headed by Verb and has undergone passivization.


SLOT 2:

General definitions, essential to slot 2-definitions:

A direct syntactic argument of a verb is any nominal constituent syntactically directly related to the verb (as subject-of, direct object-of, or indirect object-of), and any clausal constituent with either of these functions. (This includes expletive subjects and objects, and excludes clausal constituents in extraposed position; it also excludes any NP or clause governed by a preposition or other relation-item as a direct syntact argument of the verb.)

With this notion 'direct syntactic argument', we define three basic valency notions:

intr = intransitive, i.e., with only SUBJECT as direct syntactic argument.

tr = transitive, i.e., with SUBJECT and one OBJECT as direct syntactic arguments.

ditr = ditransitive, i.e., with SUBJECT and two OBJECTs as direct syntactic arguments.

A direct syntactic argument is standardly linked when it has referential content and serves a semantic argument function relative to the verb. (This excludes expletive subjects and objects and 'raised' full NPs - these are not 'standardly linked'.)


Intransitive constructions

intr = intransitive, i.e., with only SUBJECT as direct syntactic argument.
intrImpers = impersonal intransitive, i.e., SUBJECT is an expletive not linked 
to any other item in the clause.
intrImpersPrtcl = impersonal intransitive with an aspectual particle.
intrImpersObl = impersonal intransitive with an oblique argument.
intrPresentational = intransitive with a presentational structure, i.e., 
an expletive subject and an indefinite NP (the 'presented' NP) occupying 
the post-verbal position.
intrDirPresentational = intrPresentational where the presented NP has a directional capacity.
intrPresentationalLoc = intrPresentational with a locative constituent.
intrDir = intransitive where the subject has a directional capacity.
intrAdv = intransitive with an obligatory adverbial.
intrPrtcl = intransitive with an aspectual particle.
intrObl = intransitive with an oblique argument.
intrOblRais = intransitive with an oblique argument from which an NP has been 'raised'.
intrScpr = intransitive with a secondary predicate (Small Clause predicate).
intrLghtScpr = intransitive light verb with a secondary predicate (Small Clause predicate).
intrExpn = intransitive with an 'extraposed' clause.
intrPrtclExpn = intransitive with an 'extraposed' clause and an advparticle.
intrOblExpn = intransitive with an 'extraposed' clause and an oblique argument.
intrPrtclOblExpn = intransitive with an 'extraposed' clause, an oblique argument, 
and an advparticle.
intrPrtclOblRais = intransitive with an oblique argument from which an NP has been 'raised', 
and an advparticle.
intrImplicobjObl = intransitive with implicit object, followed by PP.


Comment:

A SUBJECT is standardly linked in templates containing the forms

v-intr-
v-intrDir-
v-intrAdv-
v-intrPrtcl-
v-intrObl-

In templates containing the form

v-intrScpr-

the SUBJECT may be standardly linked, depending on whether the ensuing sc-specification contains '...Arg...' (is standardly linked) or '...Nrg...' (is not standardly linked).

In all other templates initiated by

v-intr...-

the SUBJECT is not standardly linked.


Transitive constructions

tr = transitive, i.e., with SUBJECT and one OBJECT.
trDir = transitive, where the subject is understood in a directional capacity.
trPrtcl = transitive with an advparticle. 
trPresentational = presentational structure with an NP preceding the 'presented' NP.
trObl = transitive with an oblique.
trAdv = transitive with an obligadverbial.
trExpnSu = transitive with an extraposed clause correlated with the subject, 
and an argument object.
trExpnOb = transitive with an extraposed clause correlated with the object, 
and an argument subject.
trScpr = transitive with a secondary predicate (Small Clause predicate).
trNrf = transitive whose object is non-referential.

Comment:

A SUBJECT is standardly linked in templates containing the forms

v-tr-
v-trDir-
v-trAdv-
v-trPrtcl-
v-trObl-
v-trExpnOb-
v-trNrf-

In templates containing the form

v-trScpr-

the SUBJECT may be standardly linked: it is, when the ensuing secpred is predicated of the object (expressed by 'scOb...'), and when the secpred is predicated of the subject, it can be standardly linked, depending on whether an ensuing scSu-specification contains '...Arg...' (is) or '...Nrg...' (is not).

In all other templates initiated by

v-tr...-

the SUBJECT is not standardly linked.

An OBJECT is standardly linked in templates containing the forms

v-tr-
v-trDir-
v-trAdv-
v-trPrtcl-
v-trObl-
v-trExpnSu-
v-trPresentational-

In templates containing the form

v-trScpr-

the OBJECT may be standardly linked: it is, when the ensuing secpred is predicated of the subject (expressed by 'scSu...'); when the secpred is predicated of the object, it can be standardly linked, depending on whether an ensuing scOb-specification contains '...Arg...' (is) or '...Nrg...' (is not).

In all other templates initiated by

v-tr...-

the OBJECT is not standardly linked.


Ditransitive constructions

ditr = ditransitive, i.e., with SUBJECT and two OBJECTs (here referred to by 
the traditional  terms 'indirect' ('iob') and 'direct' object, when distinction is necessary).
ditrObl = ditransitive with oblique.
ditrNrf = ditransitive whose indirect object is non-referential.

Comment:

In a ditransitive construction, a SUBJECT and a 'direct' OBJECT are always standardly linked.

In templates containing the forms

v-ditrNrf-

the indirect OBJECT is not standardly linked; apart from this case, also the indirect OBJECT is always linked.


Copula constructions

copAdj = predicative copular construction with adjectival predicative.
copN = predicative copular construction with nominal predicative.
copPP = predicative copular construction with prepositional predicative.
copPredprtcl = predicative copular construction with predicative headed by a pred-predparticle.
copIdN = identity copular construction with nominal predicative.
copIdAbsinf = identity copular construction with infinitival predicative.  
copIdDECL = identity copular construction with a declarative clause as predicative.  
copIdYN = identity copular construction with a yes-no-interrogative clause as predicative.  
copIdWH = identity copular construction with a wh-interrogative clause as predicative.  
copExpnAdj =  predicative copular construction with adjectival predicative 
and the 'logical subject' extraposed.  
copExpnN =  predicative copular construction with nominal predicative and 
the 'logical subject' extraposed.  
copExpnPP =  predicative copular construction with prepositional predicative and 
the 'logical subject' extraposed.  
copExpnPredprtcl =  predicative copular construction with predicative headed by a 
pred-particle and the 'logical subject' extraposed.  

Comment:

In a copular construction, a SUBJECT is standardly linked, except when the label contains '...Expn...'.


LABELS REFLECTING SYNTACTIC ARGUMENTS (SLOT 3)

Subjects

suExpl = subject is an expletive.
suDECL = subject is a declarative clause.
suYN = subject is a yes-no-interrogative clause.
suWH = subject is a wh-interrogative clause.
suAbsinf = subject is an infinitival clause with non-controlled interpretation.
suNrg = subject is a non-argument.

Objects

obDir = object is understood in a directional capacity.
obRefl = object is a reflexive.
obReflExpl = object is an expletive reflexive.
obDECL = object is a declarative clause
obYN = object is a yes-no-interrogative clause.
obWH = object is a wh-interrogative clause.
obEqInf = object is an infinitive equi-controlled by the only available possible controller.
obEqSuInf = object is an infinitive equi-controlled by subject.
obEqIobInf =  object is an infinitive equi-controlled by indirect object.
obEqBareinf =  object is a bare infinitive equi-controlled by the 
 only available possible controller.
obEqIobBareinf =  object is a bare infinitive equi-controlled by indirect object.
obEquSuBareinf =  object is a bare infinitive equi-controlled by subject.
obAbsInf = object is a non-controlled infinitive.
obRefl = indirect object is a reflexive.
iobReflExpl = indirect object is an expletive reflexive.

Obliques

oblEqSuInf = the governee of the oblique is an infinitive equi-controlled by subject.
oblEqObInf = the governee of the oblique is an infinitive equi-controlled by object.
oblRaisInf =  the governee of the oblique is an infinitive which is 
 raising-controlled by the subject.
oblRefl = the governee of the oblique is a reflexive.
oblDECL = the governee of the oblique is a declarative clause.
oblYN = the governee of the oblique is a yes-no-interrogative clause.
oblWH = the governee of the oblique is a wh-interrogative clause.
oblAbsinf = the governee of the oblique is a non-controlled infinitive.
oblPRTOFsubj = the referent of the governee of the oblique is interpreted as 
 part-of the referent of the subject.
oblPRTOFobj = the referent of the governee of the oblique is interpreted as 
 part-of the referent of the object.
oblPRTOFiobj = the referent of the governee of the oblique is interpreted as 
 part-of the referent of the indirect object.
oblExpnAbsinf = extraposed is a non-controlled infinitive occurring as governee of an oblique. 
oblExpnDECL = extraposed is a declarative clause occurring as governee of an oblique. 

Non-causative secondary predicates

scSuNrg = the secondary predicate is predicated of a non-argument subject 
 (i.e., a subject not serving as semantic argument of the matrix verb - 
  'raising to subject').
scObNrg = the secondary predicate is predicated of a non-argument object 
 (i.e., an object not serving as semantic argument of the matrix verb - raising to object'). 
scObArgConcurr = the secondary predicate is predicated of an argument object 
 (i.e., an object serving as semantic argument of the matrix verb), and 
 the matrix verb (together with its subject) is part of the description of an event concurrent 
 with the situation described by the secondary predication. 

Causative secondary predicates

scObNrgRes = the secondary predicate is predicated of a non-argument object 
 (i.e., an object not serving as semantic argument of the matrix verb - 
 raising to object'), and of the event causing the situation described 
 by the secondary predication, only the participant denoted by the subject is specified. 
scSuArgCsd = the secondary predicate is predicated of an argument subject 
 (i.e., a subject serving as semantic argument of the matrix verb), and 
 the matrix verb (together with its subject) is part of the description of 
 an event causing the situation described by the secondary predication. 
scObArgCsd = the secondary predicate is predicated of an argument object 
 (i.e., an object serving as semantic argument of the matrix verb), and 
 the matrix verb (together with its subject) is part of the description of 
 an event causing the situation described by the secondary predication. 
scSuNrgCsd = the secondary predicate is predicated of a non-argument subject 
 (i.e., a subject not serving as semantic argument of the matrix verb - 
 raising to subject'), and the matrix verb is part of the description of 
 an event causing the situation described by the secondary predication. 
scObNrgCsd = the secondary predicate is predicated of a non-argument object 
 (i.e., an object not serving as semantic argument of the matrix verb - 
 raising to object'), and the matrix verb (together with its subject) is 
 part of the description of an event causing the situation described by 
 the secondary predication. 

For all the causative labels, there is a possible final specification:

...rgCsdZr =  ... the matrix verb is part of the description of a zero-participant 
 event causing the situation described by the secondary predication. 
...rgCsdUn = ... the matrix verb is part of the description of a one-participant 
 event causing the situation described by the secondary predication. 
...rgCsdBin =  ... the matrix verb is part of the description of a two-participant 
 event causing the situation described by the secondary predication. 

Extraposed clauses

expnDECL = extraposed is a declarative clause.
expnYN = extraposed is a yes-no-interrogative clause.
expnWH = extraposed is a wh-interrogative clause.
expnCOND = extraposed is a conditional clause.
expnEqInf = extraposed is an equi-controlled infinitive.
expnAbsinf = extraposed is a non-controlled infinitive.


LABELS REFLECTING SEMANTIC ARGUMENTS, to appear (SLOT 4)

LABELS REFLECTING AKTIONSART, to appear (SLOT 5)

LABELS REFLECTING SITUATION TYPES, to appear (SLOT 6)

Languages

Norwegian

For an inventory list of constructions in Norwegian using these abbreviations, see Verbconstructions Norwegian - all types

For an inventory list of intransitive constructions in Norwegian using these abbreviations, see Verbconstructions Norwegian - intransitive

For an inventory list of transitive constructions in Norwegian using these abbreviations, see Verbconstructions Norwegian - transitive

For an inventory list of ditransitive and copular constructions in Norwegian using these abbreviations, see Verbconstructions Norwegian - ditransitive and copular

For a presentation describing a connection between the present system and computational grammar engineering, see [Paper COLING GEAF-workshop 2008]

A compact list of Norwegian construction types, with a bare minimum of glossing, is given in Norwegian list Dec 2009


Ga

A compact view of the Ga valence profile is given at Ga Valence Profile, and with examples, on Ga Appendix . A wiki display of the 93 sentences annotated in TypeCraft is given at Ga annotated corpus.


Kistaninya

A collection of 88 annotated sentences of Kistaninya, including classification relative to the present construction labeling, is found at http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1131/. A construction profile for the language is given at Valence Profile Kistaninya.


English

An exemplified English valence profile is found in English list Dec 2011, and at the page Valence Profile English.


Edo

Applications of the system to Edo and to collections of constructions from various Niger-Congo languages including Edo are found at Applying a Construction labeling code to Edo.


Gurene

An exemplified Gurene valence profile is found in Gurene verb constructions list 2010 An initial wiki page is Gurene verb constructions.


Amharic

Collections of annotated Amharic sentences partly annotated also for construction labelig are discussed at Amharic Verb Constructions.


Notions of 'feature' in linguistic theory: cross-theoretical and cross-linguistic perspectives

For initiatives of exploring the notion of 'feature' in typological and cross-linguistic contexts, see Notions of 'feature' in linguistic theory: cross-theoretical and cross-linguistic perspectives.


This page is linked from Multilingual Verb Valence Lexicon.

Use of the system in grammar implementation

TypeGram

A computational grammar which accommodates all the templates defined in the system - called TypeGram (for 'Typological Grammar') - is presented at the page TypeGram.



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